-  BROW|\lE'S 


TEXTBOOK 


PHONOGRAPHY 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


SCOTT-BROWNE'S 

TEXT-BOOK  of  PHONOGRAPHY. 


A.    NEW    PRESENTATION    OF    THE    PRINCIPLES   OF 
THE  ART, 

AS   PRACTISED   BY  NINE-TENTHS  OF  THE  MEMBERS  OF  THE  PROFES- 
SION IN  AMERICA;  AND  THE  ONLY  WORK  EMBODYING  THE 

IMPROVEMENTS  MADE  IN  THE  LAST  TEN  YEARS. 


FOR 
SCHOOLS,  COLLEGES  AND  PRIVATE  INSTRUCTION. 


BY 

MR.  AND  MRS.  D.  L.  SCOTT-BROWNE, 

TEACHERS  OP  THE  ART  FOR  EIGHT  YEARS  IN  THH  COLLEGE  OF  PHONOGRAPHY; 
EDITORS  OF  "BROWNE'S  PHONOGRAPHIC  MONTHLY  AND  REPORTERS'  JOUR- 
NAL"  (ORGAN  or  THE  PROFESSION);   AUTHORS  or  THE  AMERICAN 

STANDARD  SERIES  OP   PHONOGRAPHIC  TEXT-BOOKS;  MEMBERS 
OF    THE    AMERICAN     PHILOLOGICAL    SOCIETY. 


%  PART    I. 

FIFTH  EDITION— REVISED. 

NEW-YORK  : 
D.  L.  SCOTT-BROWNE, 

1884. 


COPYRIGHT  BY 

MRS.  A.  C.  SCOTT-BROWNE, 
1884. 


-3 


PREFACE. 


THIS  work  is  a  new,  modern  presentation  of  the  principles  of  what  is  known 
u  the  STANDARD  AMERICAN  or  BBNN  PITMAN  SYSTEM  or  FONOGRAFY  (the  most 
popular  system  in  use),  with,  added  thereto,  such  improvements  as  have,  by  th« 
best  fonojjrafik  scholars,  teachers  and  practitioners  of  the  art,  been  made  and 
accepted  during  the  past  ten  years,  and  which  have  never  before  been  embodied 
in  text-book  form. 

During  the  past  five  years  this  system,  as  herein  presented,  has  been  taught  at 

C0  SCOTT-BROWNE'S  COLLEGE  OF  FONOGRAFY,  New- York  City,  with  the  most  gratify. 

^  ing  results;  and  the  gentlemen  and  ladies  graduated  at  this  institution,  now  occupying 

°    both  professional  and  official  positions,  are  among  the  most  competent  and  success- 

^    fill  shorthand  writers  in  the  country. 

This  work  presents  but  one  style  of  writing,  equally  suited  to-  all  uses  required 

3     either  by  the  amanuensis  or  verbatim  reporter,  and  is,  in  every  respect,  the  system 

— *     best   adapted   to   the   acquirement   and   practise  of  the  great  mass   of  people   for 

all  business  and  reporting  purposes,  as  its  developement  has  been  extended  farther, 

cv>     and  contributed  to  by  a   greater   number  of  minds,  than  any  other,  pre-eminently 

fitting  it  to  be  the  standard  system  of  shorthand  writing  in  America. 


The  use  of/",  instead  of  ph,  in  the  words  fonografy,  stenografy,  etc.,  in  this  book, 

Is  in  strict  accordance  with  the  orthografy  of  the  Greek  words  from  which  they  are 

j     derived;    also,    the  dropping  of  final    e  in  words   where  the    preceding  rowel    is 

["     short,  as  in  positiv,  derivativ,  etc.,  (sustaining  one  of  our  oldest  orthographic  rules), 

j2     are  both   in  agreement   with  the  recommendation    and  practise  of  <he  Filological 

Societies  of  England  and  America. 

Tun  AUTHORS. 
Fonografik  Headquarters, 

New-York  City, 
*7ub.  r882. 


CONTENTS. 


J'REKACK «» 

To  THE  LEARNER             ........  v 

DEFINITIONS  .......•••  viii 

CONSONANTS:— 

Lesson  I. — Consonant  Alfabet  .......  i 

VOWELS  AND  VOWEL1ZATION:— 

Lesion  II.— Positiv  and  Relativ  Values   .           .           ....  6 

Lesson  III.— Short  Vowels        .......  13 

Lesson  IV. — Extra  Vowels            .......  17 

Punctuation,  Capitals,  Emphasis          ......  18 

Lesson  V. — Difthongs  or  Compound  Vowels      .....  19 

Lesson  VI. — Joined  Vowel  Ticks         ......  21 

CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS:— 

Lesson  VII. — Brief  additional  signs  for  j  and  «               ....  22 

Lesson  VIII. — Loops  for  st  and  sir     ......  27 

SEMICIRCLES  AND  HOOK:— 

Lesson  IX. — Brief  Signs  for  Wa  and  Ya              .....  29 

Lesson  X. — Brief  Wrz  and  Ya  Signs  disjoined            ....  32 

ASPIRATE  TICK,  HEH:— 

Lesson  XI. — Heh  on  stems             .......  37 

ABBREVIATIONS  AND  POSITION:— 

Lesson  XII. — Abbreviations — Simple  and  Compound  Stems  .  .  38 
Lesson  XIII. — Abbreviations — Circles,  Loops  and  Vowels  .  .  .43 
Lesson  XIV. — Abbreviations — Brief  Wa  and  Ya  Signs — Vowel,  Stem, 

and  Brief  Sign  Combination       ......  46 

HALF-LENGTHS  AND  ED  TICK:— 

Lesson  XV. — Halving  Stems  to  add  /  or  d—ed tick — Abbreviations             .  48 

INITIAL  HOOKS:— 

Lesson  XVI.— Small  Initial  Hooks  for  /  and  r  on  mated  stems—/  and  r 

on  unmated  stems — Abbreviations        .....  55 

Lesson  XVII. — The  Initial  Circle  on  /  and  r  hook  signs — Abbreviations      .  63 

Lesson  XVIII— Back  Hook  for  z«,  en.  un 66 

Lesson  XIX.— W-tick 67 

Lesson  XX. — Small  Terminal  Hooks  for  n  f  and  v — Abbreviations        .  69 

Expression  of  Numbers       .           .                       .           .           .           .           •  74 

Lesson  XXI.— Shun  and  Eshun  Hooks — Abbreviations    ...  75 

SHADING  AND  LENGTHENING:— 

Lesson  XXII. — Shading  Em — lengthening  ins — lengthening  other  curve* 

and  Ra  and  Hah — Abbreviations               ......  78 

PREFIXES  AND  AFFIXES:— 

Lesson  XXIII. — Prefixes — Compound  Prefixes        ....  81 

Lesson  XXIV. — Affixes — Abbreviations  as  Affixes        .            .           .           .  85 

ANALOGY  AND  PHRASING:— 

Lesson  XXV.— Analogy-  -Phrasing          .  .  .»  .  .88 


TO    THE    LEARNER, 


IN  taking  up  the  study  of  Fonografy  the  learner  must  under- 
stand, from  the  start,  that  he  is  to  lay  aside  the  methods  of  both 
spelling  and  writing  words  as  taught  In  our  books  and  dictionaries; 
and  that  he  must  place  himself  in  the  attitude  of  a  child  who  is  just 
beginning  to  learn  his  ABC.  There  are  two  reasons  for  this  advice: 

ist. — The  fonografik  alfabet,  unlike  the  one  in  our  spelling  books, 
contains  as  many  letters  or  signs  as  there  are  elements  or  sounds  in 
the  English  language,  and  not  one  of  these  letters  or  signs  stands 
for  more  than  one  sound  or  value,  hence,  every  word  is  to  be  spelled 
by  just  those  letters  or  signs  that  represent  the  sound  heard  in  the 
word — one  sign  for  each  sound,  and  no  more.  For  example,  the 
word  talk  is  composed  of  three  sounds,  or  elements,  t-aw-k;  speak  is 
composed  of  four  elements,  s-p-e-k;  back,  three  elements,  b-a-k; 
laugh,  three  elements,  l-ah-f;  etc.  So,  in  fonografy,  there  must  be 
just  as  many  signs  used  in  spelling  a  word  as  there  are  elements,  or 
sounds,  heard  in  the  pronunciation  of  the  word;  three  signs  in  spelling 
talk,  because  there  are  but  three  elements  heard;  four  signs  in  speak, 
because  there  are  but  four  elements  heard;  and  so  on,  in  this  way 
with  all  the  words  in  the  language. 

2d. — The  letters  or  signs  of  the  fonografik  alfabet  are  all  new 
and  unfamiliar  to  the  learner,  the  same  as  a  b  c  are  new  and  un- 
familiar to  the  child  just  learning  them,  and  must  be  acquired  in  the 
same  way — by  memorizing.  The  child  memorizes  principally  by 
the  repeating  process.  The  adult  shortens  this  process  by  bringing 
his  mind — his  judgment — his  reasoning  powers — to  his  assistance. 
He  calls  to  his  aid  all  the  ideas  that  he  can  associate  in  any  way 
with  the  lessons  he  is  learning,  that  could  avail  him  any  thing  in  ac- 
quiring them.  The  more  intelligent  the  student,  the  more  will  he 
learn  by  this  law  of  association  of  ideas. 

The  quickest  way  to  learn  the  alfabet  is,  First:  read  it  over, 
noticing  the  name,  sound,  form,  direction  and  thickness  or  shading  of 
each  sign.  Second:  read  carefully  what  is  said  about  the  manner  of 
•writing  fat  stems — whether  upward  or  downward,  etc.,  following  the 
directions  given  in  the  TEXT-BOOK,  on  page  2.  Third:  write  the 
first  eight  stems  of  the  alphabet,  making  and  naming  them  in  pairs, 
accenting  the  second  one  of  each  pair,  and  repeating  words  to  rhyme 
with  them  as  follows: 


Vt  SCOTT-BROWNE'S   TEXT-BOOK 

Pe     Be,     Te  De,   Cha  Ja,     Ka  Ga; 
This  is       for  w<?    to  ham     this  </<zy. 

Also  notice  that  the  stems  are  arranged  in  the  same  regular  order 
as  the  spokes  of  a  wheel,  and  that  there  is  a  thin  and  thick  or  light 

and  heavy  spoke  to  each  direction,  thus:    y|C'      \|/        \j/_ 
which,   paired  thus:  "\j  ^     and  separated  without  breaking  their 
order,  appear  just  as  they  are  seen  in  the  alfabet: 

\\     II     //     - 

Pe  Be,      Te  De,     Cha  Ja,     Ka  <£z. 
This  **/    for  me    to  /*«;•»    this  day. 

Then  write  the  next  eight  stems,  making  and  naming  them  also 
in  pairs,  and  repeating  words  that  will  rhyme  with  them: 
Ef   Ve,      Ith   The,      Es  Zc,      Ish  Ztu; 
This  too,       forme        to  learn,-    yon  see. 

The  remaining  stems  are  unmated  and  divided  into  triplets,  with 
words  to  rhyme,  as  follows: 

La     Er    J?a,        Em      Un    Ing; 

Did  you  say  I  might  sing? 

Wa    Ya     Hah. 

Yes,  ha-ha! 

Write  the  alfabet  in  SCOTT-BROWNE'S  FONOGRAFIK  COPY  BOOK, 
following  the  directions  therein  given.  The  last  alfabet  exercise  in 
the  Copy-Book  being  like  the  one  on  page  3  of  this  book.  If  the 
Copy-Book  is  not  used,  any  blank  note -book  will  do,  taking  care  to 
have  the  exercises  neatly  and  correctly  written. 

At  this  point  ask  why  some  of  the  stems  are  mated — differ- 
ing only  in  being  light  and  heavy.  Answer.  Because  the  elements 
or  sounds  represented  by  the  stems  of  each  mated  pair  are  formed 
alike  in  the  mouth,  and  are  alike,  with  the  exception  that  the  light 
ones,/,  t,  etc.,  are  whispered,  while  their  mates  or  cognates,  b,  d, 
etc.,  are  voiced — the  voice  being  heard  before  the  lips  separate  to 
give  them  utterance.  Therefore  the  whispered  mated  elements  are 
represented  by  light  lines — light  sound,  light  stem — and  the  voiced 
mated  elements  by  heavy  lines — heavy  sound,  heavy  stem.  Pronounc- 
ing the  syllables  ap,  ab;  at,  ad;  ach,  aj;  ak,  ag;  etc.,  will  enable 
the  student  to  preceive,  at  once,  both  the  similarity  and  difference 
between  the  mated  elements. 

The  unmated  elements  are  all  voiced  except  Hah,  and  are  repre- 
sented by  the  curved  stems  that  remained  after  the  mated  stems  were 
provided  for. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  vii 


PENS   AND   PENCILS. 

Practise  with  either  pen  or  pencil.  It  is  better  to  be  familiar 
with  the  use  of  both.  Let  the  pen  be  fine,  and  the  ink  clear  and 
black.  Hold  the  pen  loosely  so  that  it  can  be  turned  easily  in  writ- 
ing the  outlines  of  words  containing  stems  made  in  different  direc- 
tions. Some  reporters  hold  the  pen  or  pencil  between  the  first  and 
second  fingers.  It  is  a  good  way,  as  the  pen  is  more  easily  con- 
trolkd  and  it  enables  one  to  write  longer  without  fatigue.  Both  this 
and  the  usual  way  are  recommended — each  as  a  rest  to  the  other. 
Of  pencils  graded  by  numbers,  use  No.  3;  of  Dixon's  pencils,  use 
those  marked  S.  M.  (Soft  Medium);  of  the  American  Fonograiic  Pen- 
cils, use  those  marked  S  (Soft). 

TIME  REQUIRED  TO  LEARN  PHONOGRAPHY. 

Directions  faithfully  followed  and  lessons  thoroughly  learned, 
together  with  an  hour's  daily  practise,  will  enable  the  average  student 
to  master  this  book  in  about  two  months.  A  month's  additional 
practise,  of  from  two  to  three  hours  daily,  from  another's  reading — 
using  any  common  school  reading  books  (from  Second  to  Fourth — 
omitting  all  the  poetry),  and  good  business  letters — will  fit  the 
student  to  begin  the  work  of  receiving  dictations  of  business  letters, 
provided  he  can  spell,  punctuate  and  write  longhand,  or  operate  a 
writing  machine  well.  These  three  are  positiv  pre-requisites  in  a 
shorthand  amanuensis. 

HOW   AND   WHEN  TO   PRACTISE. 

In  writing  after  another's  reading  let  the  same  matter  be  re- 
peated three  times,  at  least.  This  enables  the  writer  to  criticise  his 
first  effort,  make  corrections,  choose  better  forms  for  words,  and  im- 
prove generally  the  appearance  of  the  second  effort.  The  third 
effort  confirms  the  corrections  and  improvements  of  the  second  and 
advances  one's  speed.  After  writing  any  thing  the  third  time  let  the 
shorthand  notes  be  read  as  many  as  two  or  three  times  and  written 
out  in  longhand  once.  Repetition  in  writing  and  reading  practise, 
is  one  of  the  secrets  of  gaining  speed  in  writing  and  readiness  in 
readi'ng.  As  progress  is  made  in  correctness  and  speed  of  writing, 
the  repeating  practice  can  be  gradually  discontinued.  Let  the  stu- 
dent ahvays  read  every  thing  he  writes.  One's  own  notes,  after  be- 
coming able  to  write  easily,  make  better  reading  exercises  than 
engraved  fonografy.  Amanuenses. and  reporters  will  have  no  trouble 
in  rea'ding  their  notes  if,  during  the  preparatory  course,  they  faith- 
fully read  every  thing  they  write. 


DEFINITION     OF    FONOGRAFY, 
ETC. 


FONOGRAFY  (Phonography). — Any  system  of  writing  language 
in  which  only  the  SOUNDS  of  the  SPOKEN  -word  are  represented. 

STENOGRAFY. — Any  system  of  shorthand  writing,  using  briei 
alfabetic  signs,  arbitrary  characters,  principles  of  contraction,  etc., 
adequate  to  the  representation  and  speed  of  verbatim  speech.  The 
term  is  applied  to  systems  of  un-fonetik  shorthand. 

STENO-FONOGRAFY. — Any  system  of  fonetic  shorthand  employ- 
ing the  alfabetik  signs  of  stenography,  principles  of  abbreviation 
and  contraction,  devices,  etc..  adequate  to  the  representation  and 
speed  of  verbatim  speech. 

FONETIKS  (Phonetics). — The  science  of  the  sounds  of  the  human 
voice. — (Webster.) 

FONETIK  (.Phonetic)  or  Fonik  (Phonic). — Relating  to  the  repre- 
sentation of  sounds  by  characters. — (Webster.) 

Fonetik  or  Fonik  Shorthand  and  Sleno-Fonografy  both  mean 
one  and  the  same  thing. 

The  system  of  Shorthand  or  Stenografy  taught  in  this  book 
is  fonetik  or  fonografik,  and,  hence,  like  all  other  systems  having 
a  fonetik  basis,  is  termed,  for  brevity,  Fonografy  instead  of  Steno- 
Fonografy,  there  being  no  longhand  fonografy  to  require  the  other 
as  a  distinguishing  name. 

PRONUNCIATION  OF  NATURE,  QUESTION,  ETC.  . 
The  theoretical  pronunciation  of  the  words  nature,  future,  ques- 
tion, fixture,  etc.,  is  not  so  conveniently  or  quickly  represented  in 
fonografy  as  the  popular  pronunciation;  therefore  this  work  sanctions 
the  fonografik  writing  of  nachur,  fuchur,  quescAun,  Jixcnur,  etc.  1( 
the  reporter  is  to  write  what  he  hears,  he  will  seldom  have  occasion 
to  represent  other  than  the  popular  pronunciation  given  to  this  class 
of  words. 


LESSON    I. 

1.—  CONSONANT  ALFABET. 

FONOGRAFIK 

STEM  or  LETTER. 

NAME. 

SOUND. 

POWER. 

j 

\ 

STRA 
Pe 

IGHT    ! 
P 

5TEMS     (MATED). 
as  in          ....          ....              iy> 

i 

\ 

Be 

b 

at, 

a 

1 

Te 

t 

if 

a 
fc 

D 

y. 

7 

De 
Cha 
Ja 

d 

ch 
j 

,,              ....          ....          each 

- 

Ka 

k 

,,              ....       oak,  coo,  echo 

^           __ 

Ga 

g 

„             egg,  ego 

CURVED    STEMS    (MATED). 

'        V_ 

Ef 

f 

as  in         ....     i/,  laugh,  phase 

ELEMF.NTS 

v 

Ve 
Ith 
The 

V 

tk 
dh 

,,             ....          eve,  Stephen 
„              ....          the 

| 

) 

Es 

s 

,,              ....          ....     us,    ace 

p 

) 

Ze 

I 

,,             ....          ....    ooze,  as 

i 

8 

J 
\     J 

Ish 
Zhe 

sh 
zh 

,,             ....              ash,  orean 
,,             ....          ....        azure 

CURVED    AND    STRAIGHT    STEMS    (NOT    MATED). 

o  $ 

'         f    upward 

La 

1 

as  in         ....         ....            a/c 

|| 

~\ 

Er 

r 

,,              ....          ....            ear 

3« 

\ 

Ra 

r 

„             ....          ....           roar 

jB/         ^ 

Em 

m 

ai« 

^         y 
*1                             _, 

H\          ^ 

Un 

Ing 

n 

,,             ....          ....             an 

R  zf              „  

II      r 

<  J      ASPI-  ^^      tlp- 

3  °  \KATE.~        ward 

Wa 
Ya 
Hah 

w 
y 

h 

way 
,,             ....         ....           you 
,,             ....          ....            hay 

SCOTT-BROWNES  TEXT-BOOK 


MANNER   OF   WRITING   THE   STEMS. 

2.  The  Stems  \  Pe,   \  Be,     |      Te,     1     De,    /  Cha,   /   Ja, 
are  written  down-ward. 

3.     Ka, Ga,  are  written  from  left  to  right, 

4-     V.   Ef,  \_  Vet    £    fth,     C    The,    )   Es,    )   Z?,  _>    Zhe, 
are  written  downward. 

5.  _y  TrA  is  written  downward  when  it  is  the  only  stem  in  a 
word,  but  when  joined  to  other  stems  may  be  written  either  upward 
or  down-ward,  according  to  rules  given  in  advanced  lessons.     When 
written  upward  it  is  named  Sha. 

6.  f    La  is  written  upward  when  it  is  the  only  stem  in  a  word, 
but  when  joined  to  other  stems   may  be  written  either  upward  or 
downward,  according  to  rules  given  in  advanced  lessons.    When  writ- 
ten downward  it  is  named  El. 

7.  "~^  Er  is  always  written  downward. 

8.  ^  Ra  is  always  written  upward. 

9.  s~^£m,  \^s  Un,  -s^  Ing,  are  written  from  left  to  right. 
10.     ~^    Wa,  f^  Ya,  are  written  downward. 

it.    ^  Hah  is  always  written  upward. 

RESUMED 

a.  _J  Ish,  written  downward 'when  it  is  the  only  stem  in  a  word. 
Written  either  upward  or  downward,  according  to  certain  rules,  when 
joined  to   other  stems.     Upward  name,  Sha. 

b.  f~  La,  written  upward  when  it  is  the  only  stem  in  a  word. 
Written  either  upward  or  downward,  according  to  certain  rules,  when 
joined  to  other  stems.     Downward  name,  El. 

c.  ^x*  Ra,  ^  Hah,  always  written  upward. 

d.     Ka,  __  Ga,  ^—\  Em,  -^s  Un,  \^s  Ing,  written  from  left 

to  right. 

e.  -r4//the  other  stems  invariably  written  downward. 

NOTH. — Trace  and  name  every  one  of  the  stems  on  page  i  several   times;  after 
which,  practise  writing  them  in  "Scott-Browne's  Phonographic  Copy-Book,"  page  i. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


3 


12.-EXERCISE  TO  BE  WRITTEN   IN   COPY-BOOK. 

PC,   Be,  XX.: \\ \  \. ....  \  \  \  \  ...X  \ 

Te,     De,     |    |  \  |  |    |  |    |  |   |  |    |          |   | 

Cha,    Ja,/./. /../..//. //...//   .../../ /„/ 

Ka,     Ga, 

ith,  The,  C( r.  ( cx c.( (.( (;X.. 

Es,     Ze,     ).  ) 1.) 1.) )...) )  ) )      > 

La  or  El,  r  £L  C....C...C...C  C...  C...  C.    C  C.  C.    C. 

Ra.       s'.. /..../.. /..  s...  /  s..  /..//.  s..  /. 

InSi  ***^s  ^^   ^^   ^^/    ^^/    ^^/    \**/    •^^y'  >^^    ^_^   ^^/    N_X 

Ya,      r~.  r...r...r... r... r.r...r...c....c.  r..  c. 

NOTE. — For  practise  on  this  exercise  see  page  2  of  "  Phonographic  Copy-Book." 


SCOTT-BROWNE'S  TEXT-BOOK 


MANNER  OF  JOINING  CONSONANT  STEMS. 

13.  When  two  or  more  stems  are  used  in  the  outline  of  a  word, 
they  are  written  without  lifting  the  pen;  the  next  beginning  where  the 
preceding  one  ends.  Illustration  : 


V-  ~"~W~     \_ 


p  k,         n  t,  r  m  I,         b  n  t,        r  r,          k  k,  m  m,        m  n. 

14.     RULE  I. — The  first  downward  stem  of  a  consonant   outline 
must  end  on  the  line  of  writing.     Illustration: 


H. 


&P»  fv>  cn  k*  PP<  n  ?>          <**• 

15.     RULE  II.  —  Theyfrj/  upward  stem  of  a  consonant  outline  must 
begin  on  the  line  of  writing.     Illustration: 


r  k,  II,  An,  sk  /,  m  r. 

16.     Join  the  following  stems  without  making  an  angle: 


Ik,          pn,  th  n,  In,          v  gt  d  f,  I  r, 

.0  ......  D  .......  <tw  ......  ^  ..........  \^.  .......  .U  .. 


/  J,  m  s,  m  n,  m  ng,  b  n°~,  in,          r  sA. 

17.     Always  make  an  angle  between  the  following  stems: 


f  n>  v  **g,          I  f", 

18.  Curve  Em  a  little  more  before  Ka  and  a  little  less  before 
Te,  in  order  to  secure  sharper  angles;  thus:  /"^\__  m  k,  *|  m  t. 

Practise  on  the  foregoing  outlines  until  they  can  be  written  readily 
and  neatly. 

Read  carefully  and  with  patience,  the  Exercise  on  the  following 
page,  pronouncing  aloud,  first  the  name,  and  then  the  sound  of  each 
stem.  Illustration: 

NAMES.          -SOUNDS. 


Pe-Em      p  m,  sounding  the  p  as  in  ape,  leaving  off 
the  a;  m  as  in  me,  leaving  off  e. 

NOTB.—  For  practise  on  this  exercise  see  page  3  of  "  Phonographic  Copy-Book." 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY, 


ig.— READING   EXERCISE. 

u  L)"L  /r L  A  /, 

-x  .-Zp...^._r:.... -^ 

^.  vZu.c/^  >f  ^../f 

l.A^.^O..r^..^> 
:v:.:v:..xfr:. /v  xA  x£ 

*^x_         n  Ox  cv_ 

^_^  ^/      ^-A,      ^]     "Y    ^ M^ 

v-/          v_^.          v_^          v_x  '^^^N          v/'  x^ 

f:,^j  ..:?L. ^ ^r. X1...    *< /± ^ 

20.  The  hook  on  Hah  cannot  be  made  perfectly  when  Hah  is 
joined  to  fa,  Ya,  etc.,  but  an  imperfect  hook  or  offset  is  made  on  the 
stems,  which  is  just  as  legible  to  the  student  as  the  complete  hook, 
after  becoming  familiar  with  it. 

The  above  Reading  Exercise  contains  the  correct  consonant  out- 
lines of  the  following  words: 

2i.— WRITING   EXERCISE. 

a.  Pope,    pub,    pity,    pick;   bevy,   busy,    bush,   bijou;    TVoby,' 
tidy,   tag;    daisy,   duly,   door,    dame,  deny;    check,   China,    cherry; 
Johnny,   gem,    jury,   Jehu'    keep,   Cacly,   cage,  coffee;   Goth,    Gus- 
sie,   gush,    gaily 

b.  Fish,    fame;    vale,    valley,   veer,    vary;    theme,    thorough; 
sewer;   zeal;   sham,  shallow. 

c.  Lehigh,  lodge,  Lena,  lung,  league,  love,  lobby,  Lizzie,  Laura, 
Alma;  arm,  ark,  early,  Aurora;  rock,  review,  rib,  rich,  ridge,  rash, 
rely,  wreath,  renew,  rear. 

d.  Make,  mug,  meadow,  map,  move,  mail,  Mary,  maim,  money, 
among,    Mayhew;    nap,    into,   inch,    nag,   eno.ugh,   knoweth,    noisy, 
Nash,  nail,  narrow,  anyway,  N.  Y.  (En-Ya),  N.  H.  (En-Ifah).     <*> 

e.  Await,  awoke,  Oyer,  Yahoo;  holy,  Harry,  honey,  ha-ha. 

NOTE. — Practise  on  pages  4  and  5  of  "  Scott-Browne's  Phonographic  Copy-Book." 


SCOTT-BROWNES  TEXT-BOOK 


VOWELS  AND  VOWELIZATION, 

LE  SSON      II. 
POSITIV  AND   RELATIV  VALUES. 

1.  The  sound  for  which  any  sign  or  letter  stands  is  called  the 
•value  or  power  of  that  sign  or  letter  ;  and  if  that  sign  or  letter  never 
stands  for  any  other  value  or  power — never  changes  its  value,  but 
always   keeps   the   same — that  value  is  termed  fixed,  or  positiv,  or 
absolute, — all  three  of  these  words  being  in  use  to  express  the  same 
idea.     It  has  been  observed  in  the  foregoing  lesson  that  the  values 
of  the  fonografik  (phonographic)  consonant-signs  are  positiv,  fixed, 
unchanging;  that  is,  p  is  always  p,  and  d  always  d,  wherever  they  are 
written,  and  never  stand  for  the  sound  of  f  or  t  or  any  other  value 
than  each  its  own. 

2.  But  in  this  lesson  it  will  be  noticed   that  the  values  of  the 
simple  vowel  signs  are  not  positiv,  but  are  dependent  upon  their  rela- 
tion to  the  consonant  stem  for  their  values.     To  illustrate  :  A  heavy  dot 
written  opposit  the  beginning  of  a  stem  thus,     I   ,  is  called  e,  but  if 
this  same  dot  is  moved  down  opposit  the  middle  of   the  stem,  thus, 

*J  ,  it  is  called  a,  and  if  moved  again  down  opposit  the  end  of  the 
stem,  thus,  .1  ,  it  is  called  ah;  thus  forming  a  short  scale  of  three 
sounds,  e,  a,  ah, — the  consonant  stem  being  of  a  convenient  size  to 
furnish  three  distinctly  different  vowel  sounds.  By  this,  then,  it  is  seen 
that  the  simple  vowel  signs  do  not  have  fixed  values,  as  it  can  not  be 
known  what  to  call  a  dot  till  it  has  been  placed 'by  the  side  of  a  stem; 
hence,  it  is  said  that  the  vowel  signs  possess  relativ  value;  that  is, 
their  relation  to  the  stem  must  be  shown  before  it  can  be  known  what 
sound,  or  value,  to  giv  them. 

3.  The  vowel  signs,  then,  possess  not  positiv  but  relativ  value, 
and  are  represented  by  dots  and  dashes  written  in  three  different  places 
by  the  side  of  the  consonant  stem,  and  made  heavy  and  light  to  cor- 
respond with  long  and  short  vowel  sounds.  Heavy  signs  for  long  vowels 
and  light  signs  for  short  ones. 

THE  VOWEL   SCALE,  OR  ALFABET. 

4.  There  are,  in  the  English  language,  sixteen  simple  vowel  ele- 
ments— six   long,  and   ten    short, — and   seven  compound  vowels,  or 
difthongs,  as  heard  in  the  following  words: — 


OP  PHONOGRAPHY. 


LONG  VOWELS. 

B^,  err,  fare,  far,  fall,  move. 

SHORT    VOWELS. 

ft,  ell,  «p,  cur,  at,  ask,  log,  whole,  w^lf,  and  (,* 
the  initial  element  of  the  difthong,  £-00,  heard  in  the  words  blue,  rue, 
rude,  tune,  suit,  etc. 

COMPOUND   VOWELS,    OR  DIFTHONGS. 

^41e,  old,  ice,  oil,  owl,  true,  p«re. 

5.  For  practical  reporting  purposes  it  is  not  found  necessary  to 
represent  each  of  these  elements  with  a  distinct  sign  of  its   own. 
Eighteen  signs  are  regarded  sufficient — fourteen  simple  and  four  com- 
pound signs.     Two  of  the  seven  difthongs — a  and  o — are,  for  reasons 
not  necessary  to  explain  here,  classed,  in  fonografy  (phonography), 
with  the  simple  vowels  and  represented  by  simple  signs. 

LONG  VOWELS  AND  THEIR   SIGNS. 

6.  The  six  long  vowels  (including  a  and  o),  classed  together,  are 

as  follows: 

e  a  ah  aw  o  co 

and  represented  thus: 

!  'I  J          1          'I          J 

e  a  ah  aw  o  oo 

Vfe  gave  alms  all  cold  food. 

7.  When  a  vowel  sign  is  written  opposit  the  beginning  of  a  stem 
it  is  said  to  be  in  the  first  place;  when  opposit  the  middle  of  a  stem, 
in  the  second  place;  when  opposit  the  end  oi  a  stem,  the  third  place. 

8.  Observe  that  the  beginning  or  frst  place,  of  a  vowel,  is  where 
the  stem  begins  to  be  written.   The  Jirs!  place  of  Pe,  Cha,  Ef,  Ith,  etc., 
is  at  the  top  because  that  is  where  those  sterns  begin;  while  the  first 
place  of  La,  J?a,  Hah,  is  at  the  bottom,  because  that  is  where  those 
stems  begin.     (See  next  page,  lines  2-7,  first  and  fourth  columns.) 

9.  The  dash  signs  are  written  at  right  angles  to  the  consonant 
stem;  that  is,  in  an  opposil  direction  to  that  of  the  stem.     (See  next 
page,  fourth,  fifth  and  sixth  columns.) 

10.  The  consonant  portion  of  a  word  is  written  first  and  the 
vowel  portion  afterwards. 

*  This  sound  is  fanned  in  the  mouth  like  the  vowel  in  it,  but  uttered  like  the 
vowel  in  up,  from  the  back  of  the  mouth,  with  the  throat  as  nearly  in  position  for  sound- 
ing Q  (in  «/)  as  the  tongue  can  allow  and  preserve  the _/>>•/«  of  I  (in  it). 


SCOTT.BROWN&S  TEXT-BOOK 


ii.—  EXERCISE  ON  LONG  VOWELS. 

DOTS.                                                         DASHES. 

BEGINNING.                MIDDLE.                  END.                 BEGINNING.            MIDDLE.           END. 

r          jist  place.        .j  2nd  place.  J3rdp,ace      j  »<        ce-  -j  2nd  place.    !3rdplace 

W-/ 

« 

?-tf-ve 

•A 

a-lms 

aw 
a-\\ 

c-*-ld 

<7O 

*  r    .. 

I* 

I. 

\~ 

_ 

Te 
3- 

ta 

tab 

taw 

toe 

too 

Key 
4.       ^  .       .. 

kay 

kah 

I 

caw 

1 

coe 

1 
coo 

5.  1    .... 

j. 

^ 

T 

V 

-) 

6.       4~^ 

1......C 

(£_ 

..J2.  

c 

^ 

^ 

8.         1 

•1 

- 

-1 

J 

Eat 
9.       •  

ate 

aht 

* 

awt 

oat 

oot 
1 

Eke 

10.          f^> 

ache 

ahk 

awk 

oak 

ook 

•i.  r 

r 

• 

~r..... 

r 

\ 

^ 

4 

^ 

C 

OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  9 


12.  RULE  III. — Vowels  that  are  read  before  a.  consonant  are  writ- 
ten to  the  left  of  vertical  and  inclined  stems,  the  same  as  they  would 
be  in  longhand,  and  above  horizontal  stems,  the  same  as  an  upper  line 
of  writing  reads  before  a  lower  line.     Illustration: 

...X -I x < •> -). .c.. ,c.... 

•ope,         aid,  eve,         oath,       ace,         ooze,  eel,  awl, 

ore,  eke,  ache,  oak,  aim,          e'en,  own. 

13.  RULE  IV. — Vowels  that  are  read  after  a  consonant  are  writ- 
ten to  the  right  of  vertical  and  inclined   stems,  and  below  horizontal 
stems.     Illustration: 

...x r. i- ^ )- j_ c *'.  <*- 

bow,     tea,     dough,      fee,        sow,        shoe,       law,         ray,       hah, 


key,       coo,        gay,       may,       ma,        kme,       neigh,     gnaw.     know. 

14.  In  naming  the  letters,  or  signs,  of  fonografik  (phonographic) 
words,  be  careful  to  get  the  exact  sound  for  each  sign,  and,  after 
spelling  the  words  by  their  correct  sounds,  be  doubly  careful  to  pro- 
nounce them  exactly  as  they  were  spelled,  Illustration: 

*\  a-p,  ape,  and  not  dp; 

V~~\  t-a-m,   tame,  and   not  tarn; 

P--N  d-o-m,  dome,  and  not  dim; 

L t-a-k,  take,  not  tack; 

\ b-a-k,  bake,  not  back; 

/"I  r-a-t,  rate,  not  rat. 

In  this  way,  carefully  spell,  both  by  sound  and  name  of  each  sign, 
and  pronounce,  correctly,  the  fonografik  words  on  page  u. 


10  SCOTT-BROWNE 'S  TEXT-BOOK 

15.  Do  not  allow  the  common,  printed  spelling  to  mislead  when 
spelling  a  word  in  fonografy.     Illustration: 

Ache,  a-k,  and  not  a-se-aitch-c: 

coo,  k-do,  and  not  se-double-o ; 

thaw,  Ith-aw,  not  te-aitch-a-doubleyou; 

eel,  e-l,  not  double-e-l; 

talk,  t-aw-k,  not  t-a-el-k; 

though,  The-o,  not  t-aitch-o-you-je-aitch; 

gale,  Ga-a-l,  not  je-a-l-e; 

shawl,  Ish-aw-l,  not  Es-aitch-a-doubleyou-l; 

rouge,  Ra-oo-Zhe,  not  ar-o-you-je-e. 

cage,  k-a-j,  not  se-a-je  e. 

16.  Write  no  more  signs  in  a  word  than  there  are  sounds  heard 
in  its  pronunciation.     Silent  letters  seen  in  printed  words  are  never 
represented   in   fonografy.     Illustration:    Know,   n-o  —  ***~/ ;    gnaw, 

n-a-a)  =-  i^-S  ;   see,  j-^  =  )  ;   cope,  £-0-/  =     '  \ 

17.  Before  writing  a  word  in  fonografy  pronounce  it  slowly  and 
then  sound  all  the  elements  separately,  heard  in  the  slow  pronunciation, 
in  order  to  determine  the  exact  sounds,  and  the   correct  signs  to  be 
written.     Illustration: 

Word.    Slow  pronun-    Separate  Names  of  conso-     Stem  out-     Name  of  each      Full 
ciation.          sounds,        nant  steins.  line.  sound.          word 

Zero,  z-  e  r  o,  z-e-r-o,  Ze-Ra  )/  Ze-e-Ra-o       ^K 

Dado,  dado,  d-a-d-o,  De-De  De-a-De-o 

Cocoa,  c  o  c  oa,  k-o-k-o,  Ka-Ka  Ka-o-Ka-o  —     — 

Delay,  d  e  1  ay,  d-e-l-a,  De-La  Y  De-e-La-a      V^~ 

NOTE.— Remember  that  the  pen  must  not  be  lifted  till  all  the  consonant  stem«  of  an 
outline  are  written,  after  which  the  vowel  signs  are  placed. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


11 


18.— READING   EXERCISE 

ON   LONG  VOWELS. 


ist  Place   Vowels. 


.1  ^  ..<L  .V_  C...  :)'  J. 

i 

£«</  Place  Vowels 

\      -I      !• 

" . , _\  ......  I  .....  I 

*.^L A.A.-^  .^  7..  -         , 

/"       /"    VI      V                       /\    x^l   ^ 
-••S^:>--s-f^> 

jrd  Place   Vowels. 

'3.  \. \. _..  0   v "^  ^-  -TV   c  * 

\         *  V  \.  I 

14-  x     \r«    V""  Vs    \CN'      I 

"^  C. 


12  SCOTT-BROWNE'S  TEXT-BOOK 

19.— WRITING  EXERCISE 

ON  THE   LONG  VOWELS. 

Pea,  pa,  paw,  Po,  poo,  ape,  ope,  bay,  baa,  b,ow,  obey,  eat,  ate, 
oat,  tea,  aid,  ode,  day,  dough,  age,  Jo,  eke,  ache,  oak,  key,  coo, 
gay,  fee,  fay,  foe,  eve.  oath,  thaw,  sou,  ace,  ooze,  Shah,  shaw,  show, 
shoe,  lee,  lay,  lo,  eel,  ale,  awl,  aim,  ma,  knee,  gnaw,  -woe,,  woo.  yah, 
yo,  haw,  hoe,  hah. 

Peep,  pope,  peach,  poach,  peak,  poke,  opaque,  Peko,  peal, 
pail,  pale,  Paul,  pole,  babe,  beat,  beet,  bait,  boat,  beach,  beak, 
bake,  bail,  ball,  bowl,  below,  beam,  tape,  teach,  teeth,  tail, 
tall,  toll,  team,  tame,  deep,  daub,  dado,  dale,  dole,  delay, 
deem,  dame,  dome,  cheap,  cheat,  Choate,  cheek,  chalk,  choke, 
Job,  joke,  jail,  keep,  cape,  cope,  coach,  cage,  cake,  coke,  keel, 
coal,  comb,  gale,  goal,  game,  feed, .  fade,  Feejee,  faith,  fame( 
foam,  veto,  evoke,  vague,  vogue,  thief,  thieve,  theme,  sheep,  shape, 
Shgik,  shake,  zeal,  leap,  lobe,  load,  leach,  liege,  leak,  lake,  leaf, 
loaf,  leave,  loathe,  leal,  lame,  leeway,  mope,  meek,  mock,  meal, 
male,  mail,  mole,  maim,  knave,  'neath,  name,  heap,  heat,  hate, 
heed,  hoed,  heath,  halo,  ho-ho,  ha-ha. 

'Write  Ra  for  r  in  the  following  words,  because  it  is  followed  by 
a  vowel: 

Ray,  raw,  rOw,  reap,  rope,  robe,  rate,  wrought,  wrote,  reed, 
raid,  road,  rowed,  reach,  rage,  wreak,  rake,  rogue,  wreath, 
wreathe,  relay  ream,  roam,  Rome,  rear,  roar,  Reno,  zero,  Nero, 
hero. 

Write  Er  for  r  in  the  following  words,  because  it  is  preceded  by 
a  vowel: 

Ore,  oar,  pirr,  peer,  pour,  bier,  bore,  tgar,  tore,  deer,  door, 
chore,  jeer,  fear,  four,  veer,  shear,  shore,  leer,  lore. 

Write  El  (downward)  for  /  in  the  following  words,  because  it  is 
final  and  preceded  by  either  /,  v  or  the  upward  r,  in  which  case'  it 
must  be  written  downward: 

Fail,  foal,  veal,  vale,  reel,  rail. 

Write  Sha  and  La  (both  upward)  for  sh  and  /  in  the  following 
words,  because  they  make  the  best  joining: 

Shawl,  shoal,  shield,  leash. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


LE  S  SON      III. 


SHORT   VOWELS. 

1.  The  six  short  vowels,  classed  together,  are  heard  in  the  fol- 
lowing. syHables: 

f(t)  -    4t)  <*(')  4(t)  *(0  <W(t) 

and  are  represented  thus: 

1 i L J -.-! -! ..- 

i  id  e  a          dd 

/t  fell  Rat  on          pup's        foot 

ask  cur 

2.  The  six  long  and  six  short  vowels  may  be  easily  memorized 
by  repeating  the  following  Words  containing  them: 

\W  gave  alms — all  o?ld  feed. 
<  e         a         (f.         a        o        do 

ft      fell  '  flat  —  on  pup's  foot, 
if       et       at        ot     ut     oof 

3.  Rules  for  writing  vowels  heard  bet-ween  STEM  CONSONANTS: 

RULE   V.— ALL   first  place     and     the    two    long    second  place 
vowels,  a  and  o,  are  written  after  the  first  co'nsonant,     Illustration: 


peak        big        talk       dock        bake      'dome         cake  comb. 


RULE  VI.  —  ALL  the  third  place  and  the  two  SHORT  second  place 
vowels,  /  and  «,  are  written  before  the  second  consonant.     Illustration: 


Li 


i 

palm  boom  tack  took  neck  numb 

NOTE.  —  If  first  place  vowels  were  written  before  the  second  stem, 
and  third  place  vowels  after  the  first  stem,  it  would  bring  the  vowel 
signs  within  the  angles,  and  then  it  could  not  be  told  whether  the 
vowel  was  a  first  place  one  to  the  second  stem  or  a  third  place  one  to 

the  first  stem.     Illustration:      v->  \  _     It  cannot  be  told  whether 
the  first  word  is  balm  or  beam,  or  the  second  word,  pack  or  pick;  but 


14 


SCOTT-BROWNE 'S  TEXT-BOOK 


by  applying  Rule  V.  the  following  word,  v^  ,  is  known  to  be  beam, 
and  by  applying  Rule  VI.  this  word,  v^ ,  is  known  to  be  balm. 
4.  The  second  place  vowels  could  be  written  to  either  stem,  but 
to  make  an  equal  division  of  the  signs  to  each  stem  it  was  thought 
best  by  Mr.  Pitman  to  write  the  long  ones  to  the  first  and  the  short 
ones  to  the  second  stem,  which  added  to  the  legibility  of  such 
words  as  \ —  bake,  \-i_  beck,  [^  dome,  [^  dumb,  etc.,  when  in 
careless  or  rapid  writing  the  size  of  the  vowel  was  not  accurate. 


5.— READING  EXERCISE 

ON   SHORT   VOWELS. 


:.&.&.£  :.f£.cC. 


..±—.__  ./.....        - ^  _ A_/: 

' 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  15 


:... .U  _.  \r..._. V... 


6.— WRITING    EXERCISE 

ON  SHORT  VOWELS. 

Ebb,  abby,  odd,  eddy,  add,  itch,  etch,  edge,  echo,  egg,  ash,  ill, 
ell,  Ella,  alley,  Emma,  Anna,  pity,  petty,  patty,  putty,  pod,  pitch, 
patch,  pick,  peck,  pack,  Puck,  pig,  pygmy,  peg,  pug,  pith, 
pussy,  push,  pill,  pull,  pully,  pink,  batch,  badge,  budge,  back,  book, 
big,  beg,  bag,  bog,  bug,  buggy,  bevy,  busy,  bush,  bushy,  bijou,  bill, 
billow,  bell,  bal!6t  (ballay),  bung,  tip,  tap,  top,  tub,  attach,  touch, 
tick,  tack,  attack,  tuck,  attic,  tag,  tug,  taffy,  tally,  tarry,  Tenney 
tung,  tank,  dip,  ditty,  oddity,  dig,  dog:,  dug,  death,  doth,  dell,  dull, 
dally,  doll,  dim,  dumb,  ding,  dong,  chip,  chap,  chop,  chat,  chick, 
check,  chill,  chilly,  chimney,  chink,  jib,  job,  jet,  jut,  Judd,  judge, 
Jack,  jockey,  jig,  jag,  jog,  jug,  gill,  jelly,  jolly,  gem,  Jennie, 
Johnnie,  Kipp,  cab,  cob,  cub,  Kitty,  catch,  cudgel,  Cudjo,  kick,  cook, 
keg,  cog  coffee,  cafe,  kith,  cash,  calla,  callow,  king,  kink,  gig,  gag, 
Goth,  gush,  galley,  gull,  gully,  gum,  guinea,  gang,  gong,  fob,  fitch, 
fetch,  fudge,  fag,  fog,  foggy,  fellow,  fallow,  follow,  Fanny,  funny, 
fang,  valley,  volley,  vim,  thatch,  thick,  thicket,  thumb,  thong,  zinc, 
ship,  shop,  shabby,  shadow,  shock,  shook,  shaggy,  sham,  shank, 
lip,  lap,  lop,  elbow,  Libby,  lobby,  lad,  laddie,  ledge,  allege,  lodge, 
lick,  lack,  lock,  locket,  luck,  lucky,  look,  live,  love,  lofty,  loth,  lilly, 
loll,  lull,  limb,  lamb,  rally,  map.  mop,  mob,  Mattie,  meadow,  match, 
mock,  muck,  mug,  miff,  muff,  myth,  moth,  mash,  mush,  mashed, 
mill,  milk,  mellow,  mum,  mummy,  Minnie,  Moony,  many,  monk, 
nip,  nap,  knap,  nib,  knob,  Netie,  niche,  notch,  nudge,  nick,  neck, 
knack,  knock,  nook,  kna^g,  nag,  gnash,  unlucky,  ninny,  Nancy, 


fl  SCO  TT-RRO  IVNE  S  TEXT-BOOK 

Write  /fa  for  r  in  tut  louowmg  words,  because  Ka  is  to  be  used 
when  the  directions  for  At  uo  not  apply:  Perry,  parry,  bury,  berry, 
rherry,  ferry,  rip,  rap,  rot,  rut.  rid,  red,  rich,  wretch,  rack,  rook, 
rig,  rug,  ring,  merry,  marry/  enrichj  Harry,  hurry,  rim,  rum. 

Write  Er  for  r  in  the  following  words:  Erie,  aerie,  Eh  rich. 

Write  El  (downward)  for  »in  the  following  words:  Kingly,  rill, 
knell,  null,  annul,  ilk  elk,  alack,  leg,  lag,  log,  lug,  Ilm,  elm,  Elmo, 
alum.  Alma,  Olney,  Lena,  llion.  lung,  link,  lank. 

Write  Sha,  La  and  Ka  (all  upward)  for  s/i,  I  and  r  in  the  follow- 
ing words:  Shell,  shallow,  lash,  lashed,  polish,  polished  abolish 
abolished,  rash,  rush,  hash,  hush. 

The  following  directions  add  to  the  legibility  of  Phonography. 

A  r  ^\  is  used  when  preceded  by  a  vowel,  thus:  ^x  ~/\  *~N 
and  when  it  is  final,  thus:  \ \ 


except  when  it  is  immediately  followed  by   v      V      C     (  )  /    j 
/  or   /  and  then 

Ra  /  must  be  used,  thus:/^  /^  [/(  /(,/)-/}  A  A 
/ 

Jt    si  and  always  use  Ra  when  the  sound  of  r  follows    — 

/"N  or  f  thus:        /         /     ^^    (j/  and  for  an  additional  r  sound 

preceded  by  the  A'a  sign,  thus:  // //  and  where  r  follows  Hah 
thus:  (^>  ^^    See  the  engravings  of  Ar  and-fai  thruout  the  book. 

El  ^—  (downward  /)  must  always  be  used  when  preceded  by  a 

vowel  and  followed  by or  /^  thus:  ^   *K-x_^   .^v  when 

final  immediately  following  V_   ^—  <^  or  ^-"  thus:    V-  S-     & 
>/;  when  preceded  by  ^-^  or   ^^  thus:  ^f'    *     ^;  and  when  fol- 
lowed by  the  consonants Vs-"'  or  x^-'  thus:  f~\     /^     (JJ-    Cix 

^".        because  the  joining  is  most  easily  made. 

La  f  (upward  /)  is  used  in  all  other  cases  and  also  where 
derivativ  words  are  required  to  be  written  in  analogy  with  their 
primitivs  thus:  f~^~~  ^\_f'  and  where  modifying  principles  would 
require  the  upward  /  for  legibility  of  outline,  which  will  be  seen  in 
the  engravings  of  moie  advanced  lessons. 


Of    PHONOGRAPHY.  \1 


LESSON      IV. 


EXTRA  VOWELS 

AND    THEIR    SIGNS. 

r.  The  vowels  ?  in  her  and  d  in  dare  are  not  classed  in  their 
proper  places  with  the  other  long  vowels,  partly  on  account  of  such 
an  .arrangement  breaking  up  the  usual  six-  vowel  order  of  long  and 
short  vowels,  and  partly  because  some  fonografik  authors  do  not  pro- 
vide for  their  representation,  but  use  as  substitutes  either  the  second 
place  light  dot  i  for  the  sound  of  e  in  her  and  i  in  sir  or  the  light  dash 
»  for  M  in  cur,  and  the  second  place  heavy  dot  a  for  the  vowel  in  dare. 
It  is  much  better  that  these  distinct  sounds  have  distinct  signs  of  their 
own,  and  this  book  provides  proper  representation  for  them  as  fol- 
lows: 

2.  A  light  dash  written  in  second  place,  parallel  w  ith  the  stem 
for  the  vowel  in  her,  sir,  etc.,  and  in  third  place,  parallel  with  the 

stem,   for  the  vowel   in   dare.     Illustration:    ~^    err         {\      Goethe 
(Ge(r)tuh),        «  air,    \_/  fairy. 

3.  The  vowel  in  ask,  past,  alas,  etc.,  is  the  true  short  mate  of 
the  vowel  in  far,  the  correct  sign  for  which  is  the  third  place  light  dot 
used  also  to  represent  the  sharper  vowel  heard  in  rat,  which  is  the 
short  mate  of  the  vowel  heard  in  air,  dare,  etc.     On  account  of  the 
similarity  of  these  two  vowels  it  is  not  necessary,  for  reporting  pur- 
poses, to  have  two  distinct  signs.    Should  a  distinct  sign  be  required, 
in  order  to  teach  exact  pronunciation,  the  light  third  place  parallel 
dash  can  be  used  to  represent  the  short  vowel  in  rat,  and  the  same 
sign  made  heavy  to  represent  the  long  vowel  in  dare. 

4.  The  vowel  heard  in  cur,   work,  journey,  etc.,  is  more  of  a 
gutteral  than  the  one  heard  in  earnest,  mercy,  girl,  etc.,  and  is  repre- 
sented by  the  second  place  light  dash,  as  in  cup. 

5.—  READING   EXERCISE 

ON   EXTRA  VOWELS. 


..V  i  ..v  ...v, 
»  ni  "   §    d 


15 


SCOTT-BROWN f:S   TEXT-SOUK 


6.— WRITING   EXERCISE. 

ON   EXTRA   VOWELS. 

Goethe,  Percy,  {Ra  for  r),  mercy. 

Write  Er  for  r  in  the  following  words: 

Herb,  herbage,  herbal,  earl,  early,  ergo,  air,  airy,  pair,  pare, 
pear,  bear,  bare,  barely,  tare,  dare,  Adair,  fare,  fair,  affair,  lair. 

Write  Ra  for  r  in  the  following  wo''ds:  Fairy,  Thayer,  rare,  mare, 
rarer  (three  lengths  of  Ra),  thus:  ^^^ 

Fair  day.    Percy  came  early.    Poor,  cheap  fare.    Rare,  early  pear. 


PUNCTUATION,  CAPITALS,    EMPHASIS. 
I. — Thp  punctuation  marks  used  in  fonografic  writing  are: 


•if- 


'  ..PERIOD — Used  at  the  end  of 
complete  sentences. 

....DASH — Used    in  a  break   of 
sentences. 

..PARENTHESIS — Used  to  en- 
close parenthetical  remarks. 


3 


BRACKET — Used  to  enclose  re- 
marks by  reporter  or  editor. 

HYPHEN — Used    to  indicate 
compound  words. 


EMPHASIS— Used  to  indicate 
emphatic  words  and  sen- 
tences. . 

CAPITAUZER — Used  to  denote 
capitalization  or  name,  and 
the  words  equal  to. 

.PLEASANTRY  OR  LAUGHTER — 
Used  to  denote  mirthful 
feeling. 

INTERROGATION — Used  to  de- 
note a  question. 

EXCLAMATION — Used  to  indi- 
cate feeling,  pathos,  won- 
der or  surprise. 


All  other   punctuation  marks  used  in  writing  and  printing  must 
be  supplied  in  the  transcripts  made  of  one's  shorthand  notes. 


2. — Capital  letters  are  indicated  thus: 
*  E,    ,   O,  V  N.  Y., 


Lima. 


3. — In  letter  writing,  or  in  memoranda,  the  vowel  initials  of 
names,  if  preferred,  can  be  expressed  by  their  signs  written  in  the 
correct  vowel  place  by  side  of  the  cancelled  Te  stem,  thus: 

IE, -To. 

4. — To  indicate  emphasis  in  print,  words  are  set  in  italic  letters. 
To  indicate  emphasis  in  longhand  writing,  words  are  underscored  by 
a  straight,  horizontal  line.  To  indicate  emphasis  in  fonografic  writ- 
ing, words  are  underscored  by  a  waved  line.  Illustration: 

Best 


OF  PHONO  GRAPHY.  19 


LE  SSON      V. 


DIFTHONGS,  OR  COMPOUND  VOWELS. 

i               oi               ow  ew 

My            boy's             owl  fiew. 

DIFTHONG    SIGNS. 


2.  The  difthong  signs  are  derived  from  the  letter  \^  ,  or  in- 
clined cross,  thus: 

(i 
oiXew 
ow 

Observe   that  in   writing  these   signs,    the   angle   should  be   made 
sharper  than  is  shown  in  the  cross. 

3.  The  difthong  signs   possess  fixed  values,  and  are  written  in 
the  most  convenient  place, — usually  the  third  place. 

4.  The  difthong  following  r,  as  in  rude,  rumor,  rule,  etc.,  is  not 
so  sharp  as  that  heard  in  pure,  cure,  beauty,  etc.,  but  the  same  sign  is 
used  to  represent  both. 

5.  Initial  difthongs  should  be  written  first,  and,  if  convenient, 
joined  to  the  following  stem.     Illustration:    1.  Ida,  ^*-  ivy,    J  ice. 


6.—  READING  EXERCISE 

ON  DIFTHONGS. 

....     .....  V*  ......  fciii 

^.U. 
A 


20  SCOTT.BROWNRS  TEXT-BOOK 

'     ow 

.5v\A V /£ 


7._WRITING   EXERCISE 

ON   DIFTHONGS. 

Pie,  tie,  Ida,  Ike,  Guy,  fie,  vie,  ivy,  thigh,  sigh,  ice,  eyes,  shy, 
lie,  lye,  ally,  nigh,  high,  isle,  aisle,  pipe,  pike,  pile,  abide,  byway, 
tidy,  tithe,  time,  tiny,  dike,  dime,  idol,  chime,  China,  jibe,  kite, 
chyle,  chyme,  guide,  guile,  Fido,  five,  shiny,  like,  life,  alive,  lime, 
imbjfce,  mighty,  mile,  knife,  hypo,  height,  hide. 
^^  Boy,  boil,  toy,  toil,  joy,  coy,  coil,  Voy,  avoid,  alloy,  oil,  annoy, 
noisy,  ahoy. 

Bow,  Dow,  cow,  vow,  row,  owl,  owlish  (oiv-La-Sha),  chow-chow, 
couch,  gouge,  fowl,  foul,  avowed,  vouch,  loud,  mouth. 

Pew,  dew,  adieu,  due,  chew,  Jew,  cue,  thew,  Sue,  lieu,  hew,  hue, 
Hugh,  huge,  beauty,  duty,  dupe,  duke,  eschew,  juror,  juicy,  July, 
Jehu,  cube,  imbue,  mule. 

Write  Er  for  r  in  the  following  words:  Ire,  pyre,  attire,  dire, 
gyre  (Ja-Er),  fire,  lyre,  tire,  Irish  (i-Er-Ish),  toiler,  lure,  allure 


Write  Ka  for  r  in  the  following  words:  Rye,  wry,  rijie,  right, 
rite,  write,  Wright,  arrive,  writhe,  irate,  aright,  mire,  roy,  roil  (Ka- 
El),  roilly  (A'a-La),  rout,  rowdy,  rue,  pursue,  bureau,  jury,  fury, 
furore,  rude,  review. 

Write  El  for  /  in  the  following  words:  File,  Nile,  foil,  roil, 
Hoyle,  fowl,  foul. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  21 


LESSON     VI. 


JOINED  VOWEL-TICKS. 

I.  A  vowel  (belonging  either  to  the  dot  or  dash  class),  following 
&  difthong,  is  more  quickly  and  conveniently  represented  by  a  small 
tick  joined  to  the  difthong  sign,  and  written  in  the  direction  of  Te 
on  oi  and  fw,  and  of  Ka  on  i  and  oiu. 


2.— READING   EXERCISE 

ON  JOINED  VOWEL  TICKS. 


>  .j 


.   \... 

ft      vJ 


fc 


3.— WRITING  EXERCISE 

ON  JOINED  VOWEL  TICKS. 

Iota,  Iowa,  lona,  piety,  pious,  bias,  Tioga,  diet,  dial,  VioJa, 
scion,  Zion,  boyish,  coyish,  voyage,  towel,  dewy,  Dewey,  Jewess, 
duel,  dual,  jewel,  Jewish,  Shuey,  annuity. 

Write  Er  for  r  in  the  following  words:  Dyer,  power,  tower, 
dower,  shower,  jeweler,  fewer,  sewer,  newer. 

Write  Ra  for  r  in  the  following  words:  Diary,  fiery,  riot,  Ryan, 
miry,  higher,  royal  (Ra-Et)  royally  (Ra-La),  cower,  Rowell  (J\'a-EI), 
jewelry,  ruin,  renewal  (.£7  stem),  hewer. 

Write  El  for  /  in  the  following  words:  Vial,  viol,  lion,  royal, 
vowel,  Rowell,  Howell,  fuel,  Newell,  renewal. 


22  SCOTT-BROWNBTS  TEXT-BOOK 

CIRCLES    AND   LOOPS, 

LE  SSON      VII. 


BRIEF  ADDITIONAL  SIGNS   FOR   S  AND   Z. 

1.  The   frequently  occurring  sounds  of  s  and  z  are,  in  a  large 
class  of  words,  represented  by  a  small  circle,  o  ,  named  Is  or  Iz,  used 
at  the  beginning  of  stems,  between  stems,  and  at  the  end  of  stems, 
thus  securing  convenience  in  joining,  brevity  of  outline,  and  greater 
ease  and  rapidity  in  writing. 

2.  The  circle  is  joined  to  straight  stems  by  a  leftward  motion 
of  the  pen,  moving  in  three  distinct  directions,  as  shown  in  this  little 
square  joined  initially  to  the  Pe  stem,    \    ,  while  a  fourth  direction 
forms  the  stem. 

3.  The  circle  is  always  written  on  the  concave  side  of  a  curve 
thus:    V_ 

4.  In  joining  the  circle  to  any  stem,  either  initially  or  finally, 
let  the  first  and  last  movements  be  at  right  angles  with  the  stem. 
Illustration-: 


..J*._J*»  .......  L      b 


v 


Let  the  learner  practise  on  the  squares  until  without  their  aid  a 
perfect  circle  can  be  easily  formed. 

5.  The  circle  has  no  effect  upon  vowelization.     A  vowel  heard 
either  before  or  after  a  consonant   represented  by  a  stem  is  always 
written  before  or  after  the  stem,  whether  a  circle  is  on  the  stem  or 

not.    Illustration:   \  up.  -\  sup,  \v/»V,   \v  spy,      '  eat,     \    seat, 
_l_  ache,  Q_!_  sake. 

6.  A  vowel  is  never  read  before  an  initial  circle.     The  initial 
circle  always  reads  first,  and  then  any  vowel  that  may  be  before  the 
stem,  and  then  the  stem,  and  then  any  vowel  that  may  follow  the 

stem.     Illustration:      T   settee,    .[y-    satiety,  "[.     soda.     See   page  24, 
Une  4. 


OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  23 


7.  Initial  s  is  expressed- on  the  Hah  stem  by  a  circle  in  the  place 
of  the  hook.     Illustration:    g?  Soho.    See  line  4,  seventh  and  eighth 
words  of  page  24. 

8.  Initial  z  is  always  represented  by  the  stem.     See  page  25, 
line  16. 

9.  The  circle  at  the  end  of  stems  is  always  read  last.     A  vowel 
cannot  read  after  a  circle  because  the  circle  furnishes  no  places  in 
which  three  different  vowels  could  be  written.     See  page  24,  line  5. 

10.  A  circle  between    two  straight  stems    running  in  the  same 
direction,  is  written  by  the  same  motion  of  the  pen  as  the  circle  on  a 
single  straight  stem.     See  page  24,  line  6. 

11.  A  circle  between  straight  stems,  struck  in  different  directions, 
is  written  outside  of  the  angle.     See  page  24,  line  7. 

12.  A  circle  between  a  straight  line  and  a  curve,  is  always  written 
on  the  concave  side  of  the  curve.     See  page  25,  line  8. 

13.  A  circle  between  Em  and  any  other  curve,  when  it  cannot 
come  'within  the  curve  of  both  stems,  is  written  on  the  concave  side 
of  Em.     See  page  25,  line  9. 

14.  A  circle  between  Ef,  Un,  and  La,  and  between  La  and  Ve, 
and  La  and  Ith,  is  written  on  the  concave  side  of  La.     See   page  25, 
line  10. 

15.  The  circle  between  other  curve  combinations  is  written  on 
the  concave  side  of  both  curves.     See  page  25,  line  n. 

LARGE    CIRCLE    FOR   SES,    SEZ,    ZEZ. 

1 6.  The  double  sound  of  s  or  z — ses,  sez,  zez — is  expressed  by  a 
large  circle  in  such  words  as — 


passes,       possess,        teases,       possessed,        excessive,          races. 

17.  The  use  of  a  double-sized  circle  to  express  the  double  sound 
of  s  and  2,  allows  the  plural  ending  of  words  to  be  formed  in  analogy 
with  words  in  the  singular  number  terminating  with  the  small  circle. 
Illustration: 

piece,          pieces,  case,          cases,  rase,  roses; 


24  SCOTT-BROWNE  'S   TEXT-BOOK 

also  the  third  person  singular  of  such  verbs  as  end  with  the  small 
circle  is  expressed  with  the  large  circle.     Illustration: 

.......................  L"  ..............  6  ..................  ^....  ...  .....  £  .................... 

toss,  tosses,  rise,  rises. 

See  page  25,  lines  12  and  13. 

1  8.     A  third  sound  of  s  following  ses,  sez,  zez,  is  expressed  by  a 
small  circle  on  the  back  of  the  large  circle.     Illustration: 


possesses,       abscesses,  excesses,          successes,  recesses. 

See  page  25,  line  14. 

19.     The  vowel  /,  heard  in  sez,  is  never  written;  but  if  any  other 
vowel  than  /  occurs  between  the  s  or  z  sounds,  it  is  written  if  legi-  • 
bility  requires  it.     Illustration: 


exist,  exhaust,  basis,  bases, 

See  page  25,  line  15. 

Initial  Zmust  be  expressed  by  the  stem.       See  line  16,  page  25. 
20.—  READING  EXERCISE 

ON  CIRCLES. 


2-     f  .....  f.  .......  i_  ......  ft^  ......  01.....4  _____  0 

.3-L...   V,  .....  ").  .....  ;.3  .......  J  ......  .C..  .. 

4-f  .......  -t  ...o^..  ^  ...K  .....  v:.....v< 

.5-.\o  .....  V  ......  Xo  ......  \o<  C.      t  ... 


OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  35 


21.— WRITING  EXERCISE 

ON   CIRCLES. 

Soap,  soup,  sips,  saps,  seat,  stays,  stows,  stew,  suit,  sight,  sty, 
seed,  said,  sad,  sawed,  sowed,  soda,  suds,  seeds,  sage,  sages,  seige, 
sedge,  sausages,  seek,  sake,  sick,  sacks,  success,  successes,  Sussex, 
sag,  sago,  safe,  sofa,  save,  seive,  sythe,  size,  sizes,  seize,  seizes, 
sash,  sashes,  seal,  seals,  sails,  sale,  solo,  sorry,  sorrows,  sore,  sere, 
sour,  sire,  sir,  Sam,  seam,  sum,  psalm,  sin,  son,  sun,  sane,  sign, 
sneeze,  snows,  sing,  sang,  sung,  sway,  sways,  Swiss,  Soho,  Sahara. 

Pass,  piece,  peace,  passes,  pieces,  pace,  paces,  pause,  pauses, 
posses,  possesses,  base,  bays,  boys,  abase,  abases,  abuse,  abscess, 
abscesses,  tease,  teases,  days,  dose,  doze,  dozes,  disease,  diseases, 
cheese,  cheeses,  chase,  chews,  etches,  ages,  joys,  Jews,  juice,  rejoice, 
rejoices,  kiss,  kisses,  Cass,  Cass's,  case,  cases,  oaks,  aches,  echoes, 
ox,  ax,  axes,  axis,  axCs,  excess,  excesses,  excuse,  excuses,  exercise, 
exercises,  exercised,  guess,  guesses,  gaze,  geese,  goose,  gas,  gases, 
gauze, \Guy's,  face,  faces,  vase,  vases,  vice,  vices,  voice,  voices 


28 SCOTT-DROWNS '5    TEXT-BOOK 

irows,  views,  reviews,  thighs,  oaths,  shows,  shoes,  ashes,  lace,.laces 
loose,  looses,  lose,  loses,  lease,  allays,  alleys,  Ellis,  Alice,  raise,  (Ra 
for  r)  raises,  race,  races,  recess,  recesses,  rise;  arise,  (Er  for  r)  arises, 
arouse,  arouses,  erase,  erases,  ears,  oars,  errs,  airs,  miss,  misses, 
muss,  aims,  noise,  annoys,  noises,  nose,  niece,  nice,  ounce,  ounces, 
woes,  woos,  yeas,  hose,  haze,  hiss,  hisses,  house,  houses,  hews, 
hues,  Hughes,  hies,  Hayes,  pushes,  bushes,  tushes  (upward  stem,  Shat 
lor  sA  following  TV,  De,  Eft  La,  Ra,  and  HaK),  dishes,  dashes,  fishes, 
lashes,  luscious,  rushes,  hushes,  possessed,  pacify,  passive,  passeth, 
pestle  (p-s-l),  puzzle,  poison,  obesity,  beset,  besides,  beseech,  basks, 
abusive'  bustle  (b-s-l),  baser,  besom,  business,  basin,  baseness,  ab. 
sence,  upset,  tasty,  outside,  task,  tassel,  teasel,  desk,  dusk,  dusky, 
dusty,  decides,  decisive,  diseased,  docile  (either  upward  or  downard  /), 
desire,  desirous,  disrobe,  dislike,  dispels,  disloyal,  dozen,  Chesapeake, 
chosen,  chisel,  Jason,  jostle,  cusp,  cask,  cassock,  excessive,  chasm, 
cosmos,  cousin,  Casino,  castle  (k-s-l),  Castile  (k-s-t-l),  gasp,  gossip, 
gusto,  guzzle,  fiasco,  fizzle  (El  stem),  fosil,  vessel,  vassal,  visage, 
thistle  (El  stem),  lisp,  receive  (r-s-v),  misty,  mask,  listen  (El  stem) 
lessen,  lesson,  loosen,  reason,  risen,  rosin,  resume  remiss,  missile, 
muzzle,  music,  musk,  mosque,  mistletoe  (in-z-l),  mouser  (Ra  stem), 
miser,  misery,  honesty,  nasty,  necessity,  necessary,  nestle,  nozzle, 
insist,  resist,  subsist,  desist,  system,  scissors,  saucer,  season,  Susan, 
schism,  Sicily,  successive,  unsafe,  unseen,  Owasco,  anxiety,,  anxious 
(Ing-Ish-Js),  hasty,  hastily,  husk,  hassock,  husky,  hustle  (La  stem), 
hasten,  Hosannah,  hussar  (Ra  stem1). 

SHORT   SENTENCES. 

Miss  Dewey's  roses.  Laura's  peaches.  Olive's  mosses.  Leave 
Johnny's  books.  Naughty  Darius  Howe  chews  gum.  Katie 
loves  nice,  rich  coffee.  Miss  Lillie  Snow  ate  savory  soup< 
Choose  right  ways.  Resist  laziness.  Lizzie  eats  ripe,  juicy  pears. 
Maurice's  slow  coaci.  Sadie's  ice  houses.  Newell  Dyer's  sons  rise 
early.  Viola  passes  Jennie's  house.  Sadie  supposes  wrongs.  Lucy 
loves  Johnny.  ,  Susan  rose  sad.  Lizzie  sings  Katie's  merry  song. 
Johnny's  cows ''eat  husks.  Dogs  chase  cows.  Mollie  hates  snow. 
Chicago's  chime-bells  ring  merry  music.  Tommy's  owl  eats  mice- 
Honesty  satisfies  reason.  Boys  leap  slow.  Lena  loves  rainj 
days.  Seek  happiness. 


OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


LESSON    VIII. 


LOOPS    FOR   ST  AND   STJt. 

1.  A  small  loop  written  initially  on  stems  expresses  initial  st 
sounds;  written  finally,  expresses  final  st  or  zd  sounds.    Illustration: 

\  step,  •[  state,  ^»  steak,  .0  still,  ^o  star,  c^  starry, 
^S  stem  ?sJ>  stony,  ^-  past  or  passed,  —*=>  guest  or  guessed,  /r^s. 
mist  or  missed,  O7  honest,  ?&<  abused,  —f>  gazed,  X  Caroused,  <f*> 
housed.  See  lines  1-3  below. 

2.  A   large   final    loop   on   stems   expresses   sir.     Illustration: 
\i.   pastor,     ^~    toaster,    ^3    faster,     r       Lester,     0'    y  ester.     See 

line  4  below. 

3.  A  circle  is  written  on  the  back  of  loops  to  express  s  or  z  fol- 
lowing st  or  sir.     Illustration:      «»    posts,    s^    posters.     See   line    s 
below. 

4.  The  loops  can  be  used  in  the  middle  of  words  provided,  at 
the  point  of  junction,  the  stems  do  not  cross  each  other.    If  the  stems 
cross,  the  loop  is  reduced  to  the  value  of  the  s  circle.     Illustration: 
6!~'  destiny,  ISOJ.  testify,    (^.yesterday.     See  line  6  below. 

5.—  READING    EXERCISE 

ON   ST   AND    STR   LOOP. 


b:  ......  /•  ...  _^.   ^3  .../<?. 


28  SCOTT-BROWNE:  s  TEXT-BOOK 

6.— WRITING  EXERCISE 

ON  ST  AND  STR  LOOPS. 

Steep,  step,  stop,  stoop,  stab,  stub,  state,  stout,  steady,  study, 
stitch,  stage,  steak,  stake,  stick,  stack,  stalk,  stock,  stuck,  stucco, 
stag,  stiff,  stuff,  staff,  stave,  stove,  Stacy,  steal,  steel,  stale,  stall, 
stole,  stool,  still,  stilly,  Stella,  style,  steer,  star,  store,  starry,  story, 
steam,  stem,  stony,  sting,  stung. 

Pieced,  paste,  paced,  pest,  pester,  past,  passed,  posts,  posters, 
beasts,  baste,  boasts,  boaster,  boost,  bust,  busts,  abased,  abused, 
teased,  taste,  toast,  toaster,  tests,  attest,  dost,  dust,  dusters,  adduced, 
doused,  chaste,  chased,  chests,  Chester's,  jests,  joist,  cased,  kissed, 
cast,  castor,  coast,  coaster,  costs,  Custer's,  gazed,  guests,  guessed, 
ghosts,  aghast,  feasts,  faced,  fist,  fast,  faster,  fussed,  Foster,  vest, 
vast,  vaster,  least,  laced,  list,  lest,  Lester's,  last,  luster,  loosed, 
erased,  erst,  arrest,  aroused,  raced,  roast,  roaster,  wrist,  roused, 

roosts,  roosters,  mists,  missed,  masts,  masters,  amassed,  amused, 
most,  mast,  musters,  nests,  Nast,  honest,  Nestor,  songster,  song- 
sters, waste,  waists,  West,  Wistar,  Worcester  (Wooster),  yeast, 
yester. 

Artist  (Ra  for  r),  artists,  reduced,  richest,  rejoiced,  refused,  re- 
eised,  upraised,  ballast,  tallest,  utmost,  teamster,  dullest,  coolest, 
calmest,  mildest,  forests,  forester,  fensed,  evinced,  announced,  re- 
nounced, artistic,  statistics. 

SHORT    SKNTKNCES. 

Air-castles  fade.  Hester  despises  wrong.  Step  fast.  Leste 
eats  r«ast  lamb  Tuesday.  ^Despise  laziness.  Invest  safely 
James  Post  chased  Chester  West.  Jack's  master  testifies. 


OP    PHONOGRAPHY.  29 


SEMICiRCLES    AND    HOOK. 

LESSON     IX. 


BRIEF  SIGNS   FOR    WA   AND    YA. 

SEMICIRCLES. 

<   Wf,   >   Wu,     »  Ye,    «   Y#. 

I.  Small  semicircles  for  w  and  y  are  employed  in  a  large  class 
of  words,  adding  greatly  to  legibility,  and  facilitating  ease  and  speed 
of  writing.  Illustration: 


...  J 


weep,      web,     waits,    -watch,    walks,    yacht,    yokes,     unyoke,  yellow. 
z.     The  small  circle  is  conveniently  written  within  fF/and  W& 
signs  to  express  tw  in  certain  words.     Illustration: 


V 


sweet,  swig,  swings,          suavity. 

WA  HOOK  ON  LA,    RA,    EM,   UN. 

3.  Brief  Wa  is  joined  to  La,  Ra,  Em,  and  Un,  as  a  hook.  Illus- 
tration: 6     wail,  <^  wore,  <rS  went,  ^_^  wen.  See  next  page,  lines  6-7. 

4.  The  circle  for  initial  s  is  written  on  the  Wa  hook  of  Ra,  but 
never  on  the  hooks  of  La,  Em,  and   Un  —  the  circle  and   Wa  stem 
being  used  for  sw  preceding  these  three  stems.  Illustration:  e^  swore, 

swells.     See  next  page,  line  8. 


Yl,  vox,  YOW. 

5.     The  trifthongs.y*,  yoi,  yow,  are  expressed  by  brief  Ya  joined 
to  the  difthong  signs.     Illustration: 


genii,  Honeoye,  meow. 

NOTE  (a).  —  In  joining  W&  to  Pe,  Be,  Ka,  Ga,  and  Ing,  observe 
that  the  motions  of  the  pen  are  similar  to  those  made  in  forming  a 
plain  figure  z. 

(b).  —  In  joining  Wl  to  Te,  De,  Cha,  Ja,  and  Isk,  observe  that 
the  motions  of  the  pen  are  like  those  made  in  forming  a  figure  9, 
while  F/  is  joined  to  Te,  De,  and  Jth,  by  a  motion  similar  to  the*  in 
forming  a  figure  7. 


30  SCOTT-BROWNE'S   TEXT-BOOK 

6.— READING   EXERCISE 

ON  BRIEF  WA  AND  YA  SIGNS. 

,,.\ V, 1: i .1 -1 V..J.../ /_ 

.2-a_i_...  3 b        -i    H       -.  ^4      a ^_y      \k_       ko    .    \  «<?. 


7.— WRITING    EXERCISE 

ON  BRIEF  WA  AND  YA  SIGNS. 

Wipe,  web,  Webster,  witty,  wittily,  wet,  wettest,  wait,  witticism, 
weeds,  wade,  wades,  widows,  widest,  witch,  bewitch,  watch,  wage, 
wedge,  weak,  wake,  walk,  woke,  wicks,  wax,  waxes,  waxed,  wigs, 
wife,  waif,  woof,  weave,  weaves,  wives,  withe,  yjash,  wing,  wings. 

Sweep,  swop,  swoop,  swab,  sweet,  sweeter,  sweetest,  sweetly, 
sweat,  Swede,  swayed,  switch,  swig,  suave,  suavity,  swath,  swathe, 
'  swash,  swing,  swung,  assuage,  assuages,  unswayed,  unswathe, 
Zouave. 

Weal,* wail,  wall,  wallow,  wool,  wooly,  Wallace,  Willis,  Wells, 
willow,  welcome,  wellfare,  wealth,  unwell,  unwieldy,  unwelcome, 
wealthy,  Willoughby,  war,  wore,  weary,  wary,  worry,  wear,  ware, 
wares,  beware,  worse,  worst,  worth,  worthless,  worthy,  unworthy, 
warm,  worm,  wormwood,  swore,  swear,  swears,  soiree,  swarm, 
swarms,  swarthy,  wammel,  wem,  wean,  wane,  win,  wins,  winnow, 
wen,  wan,  won,  wanes,  wince,  winces,  winced,  windy,  window. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  31 


Yacht,  yoke,  unyoke,  yak,  youth,  youths,  Uriah,  Yulee,  Yale, 
yell,  yellow,  yellowish,  (upward  stem  for  s/i),  yawl,  yelp,  yelk,  yore, 
(Ar  stem),  y^arrow,  (J?a  stem),  yam,  yon,  yawn  yawns,  Eunice, 
uinique,  unity,  unite,  young,  youngster,  yank. 

Genii,  Honeoye,  meow. 


SHORT    SENTENCES. 

Willie  Wallace  works.  Willie  Woods  sings  sweetly.  Eunice 
buys  cheap  cake.  Young  Yulee's  yacht.  Johnnie's  young  sheep. 
Fannie's  kitty  "meows,"  Wednesday.  Yellow  dogs  wag  yellow 
tails.  Wet  dogs  yelp.  Jennie  sweeps.  Emma  eats  sweet  cookies. 
Wage  war  young  swells,  unworthy  youths.  Willie's  bees  swarm 
warm  windy  wet  days.  Swing  young  wives  sweetly.  Dissuadt 
Webster'*  unwelcome  youngster.  Welcome  wealth  worthy  youths. 


32 


SCOTT-BROWNE'S  TEXT-BOOK 


LES  SON      X. 


BRIEF   WA  AND    YA  SIGNS  DISJOINED. 

1.  The  semicircles  for  the  coalescents,  W(po)  Y(e)  cannot  be  con- 
veniently joined  between  stems  or  at  the  end  of  stems,  in  a  large 
class  of  words — especially  words  containing  the  y(e)  element — and 
are,  therefore,  disjoined  and  written  in  the  vowel  places,  taking  the 
order  of  vowel  sounds  and  made  heavy  when  in  the  place  of  long 
vowels  and  light  when  in  the  place  of  short  ones. 

2.  Tabular  view  of  brief  Wa  and  Ya  in  vowel  places: 

WA    SERIES. 


Long. 

Short. 

!  «  we 

in 

week 

c  wi 

in 

wit 

|  <  wa 

« 

wake 

c  we 

" 

wet 

i  c  wa 

1 

waft 

<-  wa 

ii 

wag 

}  >  wa 
j  >  wo 

in 
it 

wall 
woke 

3  WO 
D  WU 

in 

wot 
wun 

i  >    WOO 

H 

wooed 

o  woo 

H 

Wool 

YA      SERIES. 


Long. 

ye 

in 

year 

u  jri 

ya 

ii 

yule 

u  ye 

ya 

" 

yard 

u  ya 

ya 

in 

yawn 

ft  yo 

•yo 

" 

yoke 

r>  yu 

yoo 

u 

you 

A  yoo 

in 


yet 
yak 

yon 

young 
Yucatan 


NOTE  (a). — The  iv  signs  are  made  from  a  circle  cut  in  two  verti- 
cally, thus:  (f)  while  for  the  y  signs  it  is  cut  in  two  horizontally, 
thus:  -O~ 

(b). — The  w  sign  in  dot  vowel  places  opens  to  the  right,  or 
towards  the  east,  while  the  w  sign  in  dash  vowel  places  opens  to  the 
left  or  towards  the  west;  and  the  y  sign  in  dot  vowel  places  opens 
upward,  or  towards  the  north,  while  the  y  sign  in  dash  vowej  places, 
opens  downward,  or  towards  the  south. 

NOTE  (f). — Observe  that  the  vowel  sound  in  Wi  and  Yl  is  that 
of  a  dot  vowel,  hence  Wi  and  Yi  are  the  signs  used  in  the  dot-vowel 
places. 

(d). — The  vowel  sound  in  W&  and  Yii  is  that  of  a  dash  vowel, 
hence  WA  and  Yii  are  used  in  dash-vowel  places. 


OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


W  AND   Y   EQUIVALENTS. 

3.  Before  giving  a  list  of  words  illustrating  the  use  of  the  dis- 
joined semicircles,  it  will  be  an  advantage  to  the  student  to  under- 
stand clearly  the  alfabetic  equivalents  of  w  and  y. 

The  sound  represented  by  w  is  the  same  as  u  in  quick  and  nearly 
the  same  as  oo  in  coo  (being  briefer  in  pronunciation  than  oo,  and  in 
some  words  more  like  oo  in  foot),  and  the  final  element  of  the  dif- 
thongs  o,  ow,  ew, — as  will  be  easily  perceived  by  the  slow  pronuncia- 
tion of  o=ff-oo,  ow=ak-oo,  ew=**e-oo. 

4.  The  sounds  represented  by  y  in  you  and  pity  are  the  same  as 
e  in  be  and  i  in  it;  but,  when  followed  by  another  vowel  sound  in  such 
words  as  beauteous,  opiate,  etc.,  the  e  becomes  shorter  and  the  I 
sharper,  producing  a  short  sound  like  unaccented  e  in  the  syllable  be 
in  behold.    Y-a,  e-a,  and  i-a;  y-o,  e-o,  and  i-o,  when  quickly  pronounced, 
are  one  and  the  same  thing.   For  example,  the  syllable  io  in  folio,  can 
be  spelt  three  ways — folio,  foleo,  folyo — and  indicate  the  same  pronun- 
ciation. 

5.  The   following  words  contain  iv(oo)  and  y(e)  sounds   repre- 
sented in  different  ways  by  alfabetic  equivalents,  without  changing  the 
pronunciation:   Iowa=Io-ooa=Ioa;     Owen=Oooen=Oen;    bowie=— 
bo-ooy  =  bo-I;    boa=»bo-ooa-=bowa;    bivouac  =  bivooac  =  bivwac, 
quick=kooik=kwik;  twig=tooig=tuig;  sweet=sooeet=sueet;  Yale=- 
gale  =  i5le=;  yank  =  6ank  =  lank;  India=  Indea=  Indya;  opiate  =• 
opeate=opyate  ;  atheist=athl-ist=athyist ;  carrier=carre-er=carry- 
er;  anterior=antereor=antery-or. 

6.  There  are  a  few  words  in  which  the  syllabication  might  seem 
changed  by  the  use  of  a  sign  that  suggested   the  letter  y—  such  as 
\^     barrier,    s~^s        merrier,  the  fonografic  forms  of  which  sug- 
gest the  spelling  of  the  words  with  a  y  and  two  r'j,  instead  of  three, 
thus:  meryer,  baryer,  and  syllabized  thus,  mer-yer,  bar-yer,  instead  of 
thus,  mery-er,   bary-er;  but  as  there  are  no  such  words  as  mer-yer  and 
bar-yer,  no  confusion  can  arise  by  the  use  of  the  y  sign.     The  words 
collier  (yer),  lawyer,  etc.,  would  never  be  pronounced  colly-er,  lawy-er, 
for  the  reason  that  there  are  no  such  words  in  the  language.    English 
speaking  students  will  have  no  difficulty  in  distinguishing  between 
these  two  classes  of  words. 


34  _  SCOTT-BROWNE'S   TEXT-BOOK  _ 

7.     There  are  a  few  concurrent  vowels  —  the  initial  one  of  which 
is  accented  —  which  better  be  expressed  by  their  separate  signs,  thus: 


.....  I. 


idea,        plan,        seance,         eon,  tolls,  Leo,         Leon, 

writing  nearest  to  the  stem  that  vowel  which  is  heard  next  to  the 
stem. 

8.  The  concurrent  vowels  in  such  words  as  bowif,  boa,  doughy, 
Owen,  etc.,  are  more  conveniently  and  quickly  expressed  by  the  dash 
for  o  and  a  brief  w  sign  joined,  than  by  the  exact  vowel  signs  written 
separately  —  taking  advantage  of  the  terminal  oo  or  iu  element  of  o, 
and  representing  it  by  the  brief  w  sign,  which  sign  carries  with  it,  or, 
at  least,  suggests  on  account  of  its  names,  We  and  Wit,  an  accom- 
panying short  vowel  sound,  dot  or  dash,  according  to  the  direction  in 
which  it  opens.  Illustration:  ^  boiuie,  \^  doughy,  vl^  or  ^j 
Owen,  &  oasis  —  using  '  We,  because  it  represents  w  with  a 
dot  vowel  sound  following  it.  \  boa,  v_y  Noah  —  using  3  Wu, 
because  it  represents  w  with  a  dash  vowel  sound  following  it  —  the 
vowel  sounds  in  these  words  being  invariably  pronounced  in  ordinary 
speech  (even  by.  the  best  scholars),  nearer  like  the  vowel  in  up  than 
like  short  ah.  By  taking  advantage  of  this  pronunciation  a  distinction 
can  be  made  between  X  boa,  and  \  bowie  ^*  Not  and  V_> 
Noah,  etc.,  etc. 

NOTE.  —  While  it  may  seem  teaching  a  tautophonical  pronuncia- 
tion to  represent  the  vanish  or  terminal  sound  of  o  by  both  the  o  dash 
and  brief  w  sign  attached  to  the  o  dash,  it  is  necessary  to  so  repre- 
sent it  in  order  to  secure  a  sign  that  will  join  legibly  to  the  dash  and 
at  the  same  time  represent,  or  suggest,  the  short  vowel  sound  follow- 
ing the  o  sound.  The  student  may  regard  that  the  dash  represents 
the  radical  or  initial  sound  of  o  (short,  as  in  -whole),  while  the  w  sign 
represents  both  the  vanish  or  terminal  sound  of  o  and  the  short  vowel 
following  it;  or  he  may,  if  preferred,  regard  the  dash  as  representing 
full  «',  and  brief  w  sign  as  representing  only  the  short  vowel  follow- 
ing. Either  way,  it  expresses  the  same  thing. 


OF  PH  OHO  GRAPHY.  35 


9.     The  concurrent  vowels  of  poet,  poem,  boivie,  boa,  towage,  Zoe, 
Not,  if  expressed  by  their  separate  signs,  are  written  thus: 


........  X  ........  VN  ........  X  ........  X,  .......  1-  .............  -:  ......  v... 

but  if  by  their  joined  signs,  thus: 

.X  .........  ^  ...........  h  ........    >     r  y  .'. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  joined  signs  are  more  readily  and  quickly 
made,  for  the  following  reasons:  The  student  does  not  have  to  think 
of  the  particular  place  by  the  side  of  the  consonant  stem  in  which  to 
write  the  sign  of  the  second  vowel,  and  does  not  have  to  lose  time  in 
pen-liftings  or  in  going  back  to  place  the  vowel  to  a  downward  stem, 
as  in  the  words  poet,  towage,  etc.  Besides,  it  enables  the  vowels  to 
be  read  in  their  proper  order,  forward  or  downward,  instead  of  back- 
ward or  upward,  as  in  the  words  bowie,  towage,  etc.,  where  the  sepa- 
rate signs  are  written. 

10.  The  concurrent  vowels  in  deity,  deist,   etc.,  can  be  quickly 
and   legibly  expressed  by  a  single      sign,    thus:     "  deity,      \>      deist, 

CM.  I.. 

theist,  etc.,  instead  of  thus:     I        I)       etc. 

11.  Concurrent  vowels  having    any  other  than  e,  I,  y,  oo,  o,  w, 
for  the  initial  vowel   must   be  expressed   by   separate   signs,    thus: 
X     payee.      )„     Isaiah,     l'\     or  r  I      laity,     "*  |    or      'I    gayety, 
^~"^   rawish. 


12.—  READING   EXERCISE 

ON  BRIEF  WA  AND  YA  DISJOINED. 


y.  X  .....v^..or..X^....N....H  °'\-.    ^  .  h  . 


33 


SCOTT-BROWNE'S    TEXT-BOOK 


13.— WRITING  EXERCISE 

ON  BRIEF  WA  AND  YA  DISJOINED. 

Poets,  poetic,  poem,  bowie-knife,  boa,  towage,  doughy,  Zoe, 
showy,  Louis  (Lool),  lower,  Louisa,  rower,  mower,  Noe,  Noel, 
Noah,  hoer,  oasis,  oases,  stoic,  Stowell,  snowy,  slowest,  soloist. 

Opiate,  barrier,  carrier,  merrier,  Collier,  lawyer,  piano,  fiasco, 
geology,  theology,  theory,  theories,  theorize,  theorized,  Zenobia, 
Zenia,  area,  Arabia,  mania,  ammonia,  India,  olio,  folio,  folios, 
foliage,  deist,  deistic,  theist,  atheist,  atheistic,  atheistical,  atheistic- 
ally,  atheism,  insignia,  maniac,  superior,  exterior,  inferior,  interior, 
anterior,  odious,  odium,  idiom,  idiot,  idiocy,  idiotic,  piteous,  beau- 
teous, tedious,  copious,  copiously,  furious,  various,  impious,  happier, 
happiest,  wealthier,  wealthiest,  worthier,  worthiest,  balmiest,  funni- 
est,' studious,  studiously,  dubious,  curious,  tinier,  tiniest,  sorriest, 
silliost,  annual,  manual,  biennial. 

Payee,  pean,  idea,  gayety.  seance,  Isaiah,  laity,  Leo,  Leon, 
eolis,  rawish,  eon. 


OP  PHONOGRAPHY.  37 

ASPIRATE    TICK,    HER. 

LESSON      XI. 


HEH   ON   STEMS. 

i.     A  small  inclined  tick  for   initial  //,  is  used  on  the  following 
stems:   Em,  £r,  and  Wa.      Illustration: 


home,  homely,  harm,  whistle. 

2.  If  eh  is  also  used  on  the  joined  brief  w  signs  and  hook,  made 
in  the  direction  of  Pe  or  Cha,  and  written  upward  or  downward 
according  to  convenience  of  joining.  Ilustration: 

......  fs  .........  •]  ........  i_,  ..A.  .....  r  ....  s.  ......  «  ......  .rx... 

whip,     -wheat,     whack,     whiff,     whale,     whir,     whine,     whim. 


3.— READING   EXERCISE 

ON  ASPIRATE  TICK. 
I 


4.— WRITING   EXERCISE 
ON  ASPIRATE  TICK. 

Hymn,  hem,  ham,  hum,  hemal,  Hummel,  homely,  homeliness, 
homeless,  homelike,  homicide,  homo,  homily,  hominy,  humility, 
hammock,  harm,  harmless,  harmony,  harmonize. 

Whey,  whoa,  whiz,  whizzes,  whist,  whittle,  Whittlesey,  whistle, 
whistler,  whisk,  whiskey,  whiskers. 

\Vhip,  Whipple,  whop,  whopper,  wheat,  Whateley,  Whitelaw, 
whittle,  Whitch»r,  whack,  whacks,  whig,  whiff,  whang. 

Whale,  whaler,  Wheeling,  whir,  whirs,  whirl,  whirligig,  wharl, 
wherry,  wharf,  wharves,  whim,  whimsical,  whine,  whinn  :y. 


4513253 


83 SCOTT-BROWNE'S   TEXT-BOOK 

ABBREVIATIONS  AND  POSITION, 

LESSON      XII. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 

1.  There  are  certain  words  of  common,  frequent  use,  that,  for 
the  sake  of  greater  speed  in  writing,  are  abbreviated  in  their  fono- 
grafic  representation,  the  same  as  words  are  abbreviated  in  common 
print;   that  is,  expressed  by  one,  two,   or  more  of  their  letters  or 
signs,  instead  of  all.     About  two-thirds  of  these  abbreviations  are 
complete  in  their  consonant  representation — the   voivels  only  being 
omitted;  and   although   the   advanced   fonografer  never  writes  the 
vowels  in  any  word,  except  when  absolutely  necessary,  these  special 
words — with  vowels,  only,  omitted — are  placed  in  the  list  of  abbrevia- 
tions, because  they  are  never  to  be  vowelized  but   learned  as   the 
special,  fixed  signs  for  those  words;  while  the  words  not  in  the  list  of 
abbreviations  are  vowelized  or  not,  as  the  writer  finds  necessary. 

2.  Some  words  are  abbreviated  by  omitting  the   consonants, 
retaining  only  the  vowel,  while  other  words,  still,  are  represented  by 
brief  signs  such  as  the  circle,  loops,  half-circles,  etc. 

VOWEL   RULE  OF   POSITION. 

3.  Before  giving  a  list  of  abbreviations  it  will  be  necessary  to 
explain  what  is  termed  "The  vowel  rule  of  position."     It  is  already 
well  understood  that  there  are  three  PLACES  by  the  side  of  a  consonant 
stem  for  vowels.     Corresponding  to  these  three  vou<el  PLACES  are 
three  stem  or  outilne  POSITIONS  governed  by  the  vowels:   Words  con- 
taining a  first  place  vowel  to  be  written   in  first  position — above   the 
line;  words  containing  a  second  place  vowel  to  be  written  in  second 
position — on  the  line;  words   containing  a  third  place  vowel   to    be 
written  in  third  position — thru  or  under  the  line. 

4.  1h&  first  position  for  upright  and  inclined  stems  is  HALF  the 
height  of  a  Te  stem  above  the  line;  and  for  horizontals  and  brief  signs, 
about  HALF-WAY  BETWEEN  the  lines  of  writing,  according  to  the 

vidth  between   the  lines— writing  a  little  below  the  centre  on  wide- 

ined  paper. 

5.  The  second  position  for  all  signs  is  on  the  line  of  writing. 

6.  The  third  position  for  ^lpr^ght  and  inclined  stems  is  THROUGH 
r  ACROSS,  the  line;  and  for  horizontals  and  brief  signs,  UNDER  the  li  i«. 


OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


39 


7.  It  is  a  great  aid  to  legibility  to  write,  not  only   the  greater 
number  of  abbreviations,   but  also  words  of   ONE   SYLLABLE  in  the 
position  indicated  by  the  vowel  —or  accented  vowel,  if  a  word  contain 
more  than  one. 

8.  Some  of  the  abbreviations  are  not  written  according  to  the 
"vowel  rule  of  position." 

(a). — This  occurs  where  there  are  two  or  more  words  having  the 
same  outline  and  containing  vowels  of  the  same  class;  they  require 
to  be  written  in  different  positions  to  prevent  conflict  and  confusion, 
as  well  as  hesitancy  in  reading.  See  signs  for  do  and  had,  each  and 
•which,  if  and /or,  etc. 

(6). — Again,  where  there  is  but  one  word  of  a  certain  stem  or  out- 
line, it  is  always  written  in  second  position,  regardless  of  the  vowel 
rule,  because  that  position  is  the  most  natural,  and  favors  ease  and 
speed  of  writing.  See  sign  for  your. 

(c). — Where  there  are  two  words  of  the  same  outline  and  vowel 
class,  the  most  frequently-occurring  one  is  given  the  second  position. 
See  signs  for  each  and  which,  ease  and  -was,  law  and  -will,  are  and  our, 
no  and  own. 

(d). — Where  there  are  two  words  of  the  same  outline,  but  differing 
vowels,  the  most  frequently  occurring  one  takes  the  second  position, 
regardless  of  the  vowel,  and  the  other  one  the  next  position  to  it. 
See  which  and  much,  think  and  (hank. 


9.— SIMPLE    STEMS.— NO.   i. 

ARRANGED   ACCORDING   TO  THE   FONOGRAFIK  ALFABET. 


p 

A 

pay,  up 

\ 

B 

by 

\ 

be 

V 

to  be 

T 



it 

i 

at,  out 

D     ^ 

/            J 

\     dollar  '' 

~L.  j°y 

|     do 

/       advantage 

i     had,  advertise 

.../     lar&e 
/              K 

Ch 
/    each 

_   company,  accompany 

G 

Sive 

/     which 

go,  together 

/much 

ago 

40 


SCOTT-BROWNKS  TEXT-BOOK 


V            p 

,             Z 

N 

V  if,    off 

ease,  easy 

^^/  in,  any 

V  for 

)      was 

v^y  know,  no 

v        few 

Sh 

own 

•» 

—  ^   she,  wish    ' 

^"~    ever 
\^_    have 

_J    shall,   shall 

Ng 

.^.  thins 

/._  issue 

v^^  long,  along 

v        view 

f         Th 

I< 

/         law 

.^^.  language 

\     think 

W 

__  /  thank-ed,  thousand 

/^"_  will 

»  why 

,           Dh 

^,    allow 

V    thee,  thy 

R 

"^\   way 

\      they,    them 

i  year 

-^   away 

/•     tho',  thou 

"^     are 

Y 

)      see 

our 

f~~  your 

M 

H 

J      say,  so,  saw 

/"^  me,  my 

<...  h!sh 

...X..  us 

^-^  may,  am 

/^  Ohio 

10.     Final  j  is  added  to  any  of  the  above  signs  by  writing  the 
circle  on  the  end  of  the  stem. 

II. — SHORT   SENTENCES. 

Pay  up  your  bills.  It  will  be  your  dollar  each  time  they  go. 
It  was  in  my  wish.  Which  way  will  they  go  ?  Why  do  they  ask 
them  for  it?  It  was  years  ago.  They  know  why  it  was  so.  Do 
they  ever  go  up  ?  Have  they  ever  thanked  ?  They  say  so.  It  will  be 
easy  for  us.  Shall  they  go  away  ?  They  will  wish  them  much  joy. 
Each  company  will  be  large.  Do  they  see  any  advantage  in  it  ?  It 
was  to  be  so.  They  may  think  so.  If  they  do,  she  shall  know  it. 
Does  she  own  it  ?  No,  she  knows  it.  They  had  it  out  each  day. 
Your  things  are  in  Ohio. 


OP  PHONOGRAPHY. 


41 


12.—  COMPOUND 
\  ..  .  peculiar-ly-ity 

STEMS.—  No.  2. 
N/r~N.  .        familiar-ly-ity 

—  ^v     publish-ed 

;:...  belong 

like 

...  .V              ..    to  become 

(—         alike 

1  —            talk 

'        *          lawyer 

!  _            take 

i     s             irregiilar-ly-ity 

_  j                  took 

->.                argue 

,...Tr—  ....  dignity 

/\.  refer 

/             acknowledge 

/"""            regular-ly-ity 

7             catholic 

yf\           represent 

.(..  kill 

/-^__           make 

„  ^-S~^>.  ....  came,  come 

^~^_^          many,  money 

V  effect 
\^       affect 

s~^~s          among 

v~^1 
into 

S.  .          fact 

^_*             unto 

_  v.     forever 

notwithstanding 

^-<               follow 

/              enjoy 

SCOTT-BROWNE'S  TEXT-BOOK 


/    knowledge 

^~f enlarge 

V.   never 

/vl         _  nevertheless 
I     or  £Ls.._..  only 


NOTE. — Should  the  student  think  these  abbreviations  difficult  to 
learn,  let  him  notice  that  very  few  of  them  are  abbreviated  beyond 
the  omission  of  vowels,  so  that  once  looking  at  them  is  sufficient  to 
learn  them.  Those  that  are  abbreviated  by  the  omission  of  conso- 
nants should  be  written  over  several  times,  and  then,  by  practising 
them  in  short  sentences  they  will  be  remembered. 

13. — SHORT  SENTENCES. 

Notwithstanding  many  peculiar  things,  they  are  happy.  Never- 
theless, anything  will  do  for  them  Hope  for  many  things.  Never 
follow  lawyers.  Do  nothing  half-way.  Enjoy  knowledge  forever. 
Enlarge  your  knowledge.  Never  follow  peculiar  ways.  They  came 
in  time  for  your  lawyer's  money. 


X/ 


OF  PHONOGRAPH*. 


43 


o 

LESSON     X.III. 

ABBREVIATI01 

I.  —  CIRCLES,    LOOPS,   A 
.  is,  his 
as,  has 

•IS  —  CONTINUED. 

ND   VOWELS.  —NO.  3. 

\D            themselves 

-       Q 

'x,       first 

size 

s  

subject 

s  

_  subjected 
best 

O~x 

>  ...  .     sir 

~v.    ours,  hours 

L  

.  its 
.  said 

f     . 

(j"^           same,  some 

f 

such 

<T~>-/.  something 

I 

.  just 
..  suggest 

f 

C 

.  because 
signature 

vi^       .     necessary 

«- 

s^s  most,  must 
«s«^  stenographer 
honest 
.s_^  next 
~.   wise 

L. 

several 

C 

.  these,  thyself 

(o 

.  this 
.  thus,  those 

~'~  C  

SCOTT-BROWWE^S  TEXT-ROOK 


west 


.'P.. yes, yours, yourself 

f~ use,  uze 

—  C u! 


usage 


~~£~ uses,  uzes 

-  f  used 

yesterday 

..  highest 


2.     The  affix  "  self  "  is  expressed  by  a  small  final  circle  on  stems, 
and  "  selves  "  by  a  large  circle. 


3.— WRITING  EXERCISE 

This  is  peculiar.  They  will  enjoy  thernselves.  This  subject  was 
used  yesterday.  Will  they  suggest  something?  She  is  a  first-rate 
stenographer.  Several  said  it  was  so.  Yes,  they  go  West  next 
Wednesday.  She  is  as  happy  as  they  are.  The  boy  says  his  things 
will  come  as  soon  as  they  wish  for  them.  They  have  only  necessary 
things.  She  used  yours  several  times  yesterday.  They  are  honest 
as  well  as  wise.  His  highest  aim  is  to  be  just.  Be  just,  because  it 
is  best.  His  signature  is  necessary,  as  well  as  yours. 


4.—VOWEL  SIGNS.— No.  4. 


the 

v..two,  too 

v..to 

_   •    a,  an 

,1.  .owe,  oh,  O  ! 

..L..but 

.  and 

/_  .who-m 

...^...should 

\ 

V 

...^...all 

--Of 

I 

1 

i 

awe 

or 

..^..how 

ought,  aught 

on,  he,  him 

...6.  .whote 

OP  fHONO  GRHPHY.  45 


5.— READING   EXERCISE. 


L         .../:..        ( 


..   x...  v       i    x S...../ 


6.— WRITING   EXERCISE. 

The  boy  has  a  dog.  I  see  a  duck  and  an  owl.  They  are  all  up 
stairs.  At  sight  of  it  I  was  in  awe.  He  ought  to  go  soon.  Too 
many  of  them  are  in  the  house.  It  is  too  much  for  him  to  do.  Who 
took  my  book  ?  To  whom  will  he  go  for  counsel  ?  He  or  I  must 
see  to  it.  Will  they  talk  to  him?  He  will  go,  but  I  shall  stay. 
Should  he  think  best,  they  may  have  it.  How  soon  will  he  come  ? 
Whose  book  is  this?  How  long  have  they  had  it? 


46 


SCOTT-BROWNES  TEXT-BOOK 


LESSON 


we 

with 
were 


ABBREVIATIONS— CONTINUED. 

I. — BRIEF  WA   AND   YA   SIGNS. — NO.    5. 

3    what 


beyond 


.,   would 

....".  ye 

2. — VOWEL,  STEM,  AND  BRIEF  SIGN   COMBINATIONS. — NO.  6, 

idea 

/— 

while 

well 
where 


s_^/. knew,  new 

L. rii,  i  win 

I'm,  I  am 

.„„'. already 

altogether 

together 

I almighty 

..  ( although 

....  almost 

whoever 


however 


c 


c/....  whereas,  worse 

t/\^  wherever 

_c/\_  wheresoever 

when 


whence 
once 

whenever 
whensoever 


OF  PHONO  GRAPHY. 


47 


whencesoever 

without 

...  within 


—  withdraw 

----  withal 

....  you're,  you  are 


3.— READING  EXERCISE. 


.C...L.  .1 C 


)   • 


.A. 


\ 

X 


/ ...'_ ^ ........ 

I    '  J...    .C. 


vl 


-•1 


4.— WRITING   EXERCISE. 

It  is  now  time  we  were  on  our  way.  What  would  you  do  for 
him  ?  When  and  where  would  it  be  best  to  go  ?  Which  one  is  it  ? 
What  is  the  area  of  the  State  in  which  you  live  ?  I  hope  she  is  no 
worse.  He  may  go  without  it  altogether.  We  are  within  two  miles 
of  the  house.  Your  ideas  will  have  weight.  Do  you  know  yet  how 
it  is?  How  long  ago  was  it?  Whenever  you  are  right  go  ahead. 
I  am  aware  of  the  fact.  Whoever  he  is  we  must  see  him. 


48  SCO  TT-SR  O  WNffS    TEXT-BOOK  _  _____ 

HALF-LENGTHS  AMD  ED  TICK. 

LESSON      XV. 

HALVING  STEMS  TO   ADD    T  OR  D 
I.     A  stem  can  be  halved  to  add  the  sound  of  /  or  d  at  the  end 
of  words  or  syllables.     Illustration: 

...i:  .....  _£»  .....  _£-..  <u  .&  .'....;>  .....  «i/  ........  \  .....  lmf  ....  v  .... 

debt,    cuts,  fate,    shuts,    late,     art,    sent,    appetite,    occupied,  potato, 

.....p.  .....  v1  <^  .......  ^  .../..  ^:,  ...  vr 

^/a/,»t/,    berated,    robbed,      habit,      cheated,    untied,      aptly    softly. 
SHADING  THE  UNMATED   HALF-LENGTHS. 

2.  When  the  stems  La,  Er,  Em,  and  Un,  are  halved  to  add  d 
let  them  be  shaded;  but  when  halved  to  add  t  let  them  remain  light. 
Illustration: 

^  .....  r_   ..->  .....  -v.  '^.  ......  9i  .../TV...  /SN    ^   ~  .....  V- 

AV,      ailed,     art,     aired,    sort,  sword,  mate,  made,  neat,  need,    pelt, 


i 


boiled,  melt,  killed,  tart,  desired,  tempt,  dimmed,  silent,  ruined. 
3.  The  half-length  stem  for  //is  written  according  to  the  same 
rules  as  full-length  Z<z,  while  the  half-length  for  Id  is  invariably 
made  downward,  because  it  is  shaded,  and  is  vowelized  the  same  as 
Ya  —  from  the  top  down,  because  it  is  made  downward,  like  Ya. 
Illustration: 


delight,  polite,  knelt,  lead,  lad,  puzzled,  spoiled,  mailed,  nailed,  revealed, 

NOTE.  —  The  vowel  after  a  halved  stem  at  the  end  of  such  words 
as  rated,  righted,  elated,  avoided,  etc.,  is  understood  to  be  /,  there- 
fore it  is  never  necessary  to  write  it. 


OP     PHONOGRAPHY.  49 


ED  TICK. 

4,  The  syllable  ed  at  the  end  of  such  derivativ  words  as  fated, 
sifted,  remitted,  etc.,  where  the  primativ  word  fate,  sift,  etc.,  is 
halved  to  add  a  final  /  or  d,  is  expressed  by  a  small  tick,  written  in 
the  direction  of  Te  or  Ka,  at  the  end  of  a  word.  Illustration: 

•<-       '  -~         ^       f\       ^ 


fate,  'fated,  sift,  sifted,     emit,     emitted,  sort,  sorted,   smart,  smarted, 

.    S?.... 


-wanted,     -wend,     -wended,     -word,    worded,    reward,    rewarded. 

5.  The  ed  tick  is  also  used  at  the  end  of  full-length  stems  where 
it  is  not  convenient  or  advisable  to  add  the  d  sound  by  halving. 
Illustration: 


.-t 


resisted,       exhausted,      imitated,       animated,       stated,       studied. 

6.     The  ed  tick  is  written  after  the  loops.     When   following  the 
str  loop  it  expresses  only  d  with  the  vowel  /  omitted-     Illustration: 

->  ........  4  ...............  t  .......  £  .........  y«    r-  ........ 

fasted,      adjusted,     disgusted,      rested,     fasted,      lasted, 


arrested,     -wasted,     hoisted,     fostered,      bolstered,     mastered. 

7.  The  halving    principle   is  very   sparingly   used   in   writing 
straight-stem  words  of  one  syllable;   such  words  as  feat,  pit,  beat, 
bought,  boat,  bead,  coat,  cud,  goat,  guide,  etc,,  being  written  by  the 
majority  of  reporters  with  both  stems,  while  others  use  the  halving 
principle  and  never  omit  the  vowels.     Illustration: 

or.^  .....  \    or  J^         K    or   ^        .31  or  .— 

peat,  beat,  bottght,  coat. 

8.  For  convenience  in  speaking  or  writing,  the  halved  stems 
can  be  named  by  adding  the  t  or  d  sound  to  the  stem  name.       Exam- 
ple: Pe,  Pet  or  Ped,  etc.;  Ef,  Eft;  Ve,  Vet  or  Ved;  Ith,  Itht;  The, 


50  SCOTT-BROWNE  'S    TEXT-BOOK 

Thet  or  ThSd;  Es,  Est,  etc.;  La,  L3t  or  Lad;   El,   Eld;   Er,  Ert  or 
Erd;  Ra,  Rat  or  Rad;  Em,  Emt  or  Emd;  Un,  Unt  or  Und;  Hah, 
Haht  or  Hahd.     This  will  make  distinguishing  terms  for  p,  /,  etc., 
expressed  by  stems,  and  /,  t,  etc,,  expressed  by  halving. 
9.     Ing,   Wa,   and  Ya  are  never  halved. 

10.  The  circle  or  loop  on  halved  stems  always  read  last.     Illus- 
tration: 

^     ..IfL.  -.f°     ^...  \ 

pets,    sifts,     salts,     sorts,     meets,     needs,     midst,    ditlst,    couldst. 

11.  The  reporter  writes  st  loop  on  halved  stems  to  form  the  su- 
perlative degree  of  certain  adjectives.     Illustration: 


/ate,      latest,      soft,     softest,  neat,         neatest,  smart,    smartest. 

WHEN   NOT  TO   HALVE. 

12.     The  halving  principle  does  not  apply  in  the  following  cases: 

(a).  When  initial  Ra,  in  words  of  one  syllable,  is  followed  by  / 
or  </—  writing  such  words  as  right,  rite,  rate,  road,  rood,  ride,  etc., 
with  stems  for  /  and  d. 

(V).  When  a  final  vowel  follows  t  or  d  —  writing  pity,  tidy,  duty, 
fatly,  veto,  muddy,  naughty,  lady,  etc.,  with  stems  for  /  and  d,  in 
order  to  furnish  places  for  the  vowels  following  the  t  and  d. 

(c).  When  the  consonant  before  the  /  or  d  is  both  preceded  and 
followed  by  vowels  —  writing  such  words  as  abate,  abode,  acute,  avoid, 
allayed,  amid,  unite;  parried,  borrowed,  torrid,  carried,  furrowed. 
varied,  married,  narrowed,  harrowed,  pallid,  tallowed,  dallied,  gullied, 
followed,  valid,  mellowed,  inlaid  (La  for  /),  wallowed  (  Wa  hook),  hal- 
lowed, yellowed  (brief  Ya),  etc.,  with  stems  for  /and  d. 

(</).  When  concurrent  vowels  come  before  the  /  or  d  —  writing 
poet,  diet,  fiat,  laureate,  naid,  etc.,  with  stems  for  /  and  d. 

(f).  When  t  or  d  follows  a  stem  preceded  by  another  stem,  with 
which  it  does  not  form  an  angle.  Ilustration: 


piped,  bobbed,  kicked,  gagged,      liked,       fact,  faggot,  harrowed,  reared. 


OF    PHONOGRAPPIY. 


51 


13.— READING   EXERCISE. 

TERMINAL   HALF-LENGTHS. 


Vv 


L  .....  L 

.F  v 


i. L...  (L  .£ <C  _./T.. 


xv 


L.  .L 


V  ..      ...  .P. 


53  SCOTT-BROWNffS   TEXT-BOOK 


INITIAL   HALF-LENGTHS. 


TWO   HALF-LENGTHS. 
X  P\^ 


i: 

ED   TICK   ON   HALF-LENGTHS. 

fe-.£...  .-?±.....<?......V....^.  .L  .......  t 


UPWARD  ED  TICK. 

14.  In  writing  the  «T  tick  on  Lat  it  is  better  to  strike  it  upward, 
on  account  of  the  liability,  in  rapid  writing,  of  the  downward  tick 
becoming  a  hook.  Illustration: 


wilt,  wilted,          salted,  related,         emulated,         diluted. 

..  &_ v 


DISJOINED   WHOLE  AND   HALF  LENGTHS. 


instituted,    substituted,   destitute,    pathetic,        emphatic,       synthetic. 

.....  ^  .....  ^  .....  \  j£\~  .....  X-..  I  'i_J 
<      h   ''i<    JU  ^ 


OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


53 


15.—  WRITING   EXERCISE. 

Pick,  picked,  poke,   poked,    pack,    packed,    tick,  ticked,    tuck, 

tucked,  tack,  tacked,  checked,  joked,  jagged,  reasoned,  limit,  remit, 

limited,   remitted,  elect,   elected,    erect,    erected,   sift,   sifted,  scent, 

scented,   sound,  sounded,   rescind,    rescinded,   resound,   resounded, 

descend,   descended,   decent,    descent,    dissent,    dissented,   absent, 

absented,  invite,  invited,  indict,   indicted,  repeated,  reputed,  inhab- 

ited, uninhabited,  remedied,  innocent                                               \     / 

16.—  ABBREVIATIONS—  HALF-LENGTHS.—  No.  7. 

..  put 

i   issued 

\^/.  afterward 

\_bad   ' 

C   let 

S-^xforward 

ftDOQt 

r 

^_^ 

lead 

inward 

did 

C.old,  world 

-J....outward 

....I  .debt 

...lord,  read 

CS' 

VfT.  better 

~-  I    doubt 

might 

-!k    debtor 

...".caught 

immediate-ly 

yield 

..  —  .  could 

../^..made 

...V  until 

act 

X  not 

-/T* 

• 

little 

— 

,_,    under,  hand,  hundred 

/v 

God,  got 

write 

«_>..sent,  cent, 

..—•get,  good 

written 

...>...  thought 

...  want,  wind 

writing 

...C-.-that 

<v..went  wont 

^r^retain 

east 

'L.wlld 

.._2lastonish-ed 

wished 

cs..  word 

..^  establish-ed 

54  SCOTT-BROWNE'S  TEXT-BOOK 


I7.-READING    EXERCISE. 


18.— WRITING  EXERCISE. 

You  would  enjoy  a  visit  to  the  old  world.  I  want  you  to  give 
me  your  word  that  you  will  do  all  the  good  that  lies  in  your  power. 
Never  go  in  debt.  Read  only  good  books.  The  Lord  God  leadeth 
me.  We  went  to  the  woods  afterward.  Do  not  be  too  forward. 
That  was  a  good  act.  He  could  not  read  for  the  want  of  a  book. 
He  is  not  a  bad  boy.  Put  your  cap  on  the  rack.  How  much  good 
and  beauty  we  have  in  this  world  !  Have  you  any  doubt  about  it? 

V/ 


OP  PHONO  GRAPHY.  55 

INITIAL    HOOKS. 

LESSON    XVI. 


SMALL   INITIAL   HOOKS   FOR  L  AND   R,   ON 
MATED   STEMS. 

1.  When  either  /  or  r  immediately  follows  any  other  consonant 
they  are  expressed  by  a  small  hook  at  the  beginning  of  the  consonant 
stem.     Ilustration: 

........  \  ........  \  .......  r  .........  r  ..........  a.  ......  /Lc_,...«-  ...... 

pi,          bl,  tl,  dl,          chl,         jl,          kl,          gl. 

.......  N  .......  \_:.1  ..........  .1  .....  /  .....  /  ........  _  .......  «-  ...... 

pr,  br,  tr,  dr,      chr,         jr,  kr,          gr. 

...................  <L  ...~N  .........  C  ..........  3.  .......  J  .....  J.  .................. 

/.  fr,          thl,         thr,        shl,          shr. 

2.  In  writing  the  hooks  on  stems,  the  first  motion  of  the  pen 
is  made  in  an  opposite,  parallel  direction  to  the  stem;   and  the  next 
and  last  motion  is  at  right  angles  with  the  stem,  as  shown  in  the  ac- 
companying illustration: 

...  ......  !\...<\  ...........  1...1  ...........  /L/  ............  ^..=-  ....... 

__<L.k.  .........  ^  ^  .....  1  C  .....  C  ......  1..  5  ........  J..-J  ..... 

Let  these  characters  be  practised  with  care  until  the  hooks  can 
be  readily  and  perfectly  made.  Careless  writers  incline  to  make 
these  hooks  look  like  loops  or  circles.  It  is  just  as  easy  to  make 
them  right  as  wrong,  if  proper  care  is  exercised  in  the  beginning  to 
understand  the  principles  of  movement  in  forming  them. 

L  HOOK  WORDS. 

3.  Notice  that  the  /  hooks  are  on  the  right  and  upper  side  of 
the  stems. 


plea,    please,    play,     plows,     able,    blows,    idle,    clay,     clause,    glow. 

.  ...^  .......  L,  <c  .X  .....  :C  ........  \>.  .....  :V...CX/  .....  , 

flee,    fleece,    flow,     oval,     Ethel,     bushel,     official,     ambrosial. 


58  _  SCOTT-BROWNE  'S   TEXT-BOOK  _ 

R  HOOK  WORDS. 

4.  Notice  that  the  r  hooks  are  on  the  left  and  under  side. 

....!y.._.%....  v  .....  V...  1*.  .....  I  .....  \  .....  :1  ......  T.  .......  I  ..... 

fry,   praise,    brew,    breeze,    tree,   eater,  trust,  odor,   draw,    drestt 

-----  *7~7      -«^p  ......  C-TT.  .......  scr-  .......  <rpr  .......  err..         «rr° 

cry,     crow,      ochre,       acre,       grow,       ogre^      egress,    grass, 

........  *»  .....  *d  ......  *\  .....  )-.._....:)  ......  >-.  .........  &  -JL... 

freeze,    frizzes,    frost,     throw,     ether,     thrust,     usher,     azure. 

5.  In  comparing  the  /  and  r  hook  signs,  let  the  student  regard 

.....  ,  ...........  _„  .......  \..    r    ..A.  ............  c  ___________________ 

//,     n,    ji,     thi, 

and  so  forth,  as  so  many  pieces  of  wire  bent  so  as  to  form  the  initial 
hook,  and  that  these  same  pieces  of  bent  wire,  when  TURNED  OVER, 
become 


pr,  tr,  fr,  thr. 

To  illustrate  still  more  clearly,  let  them  be  written  in  pairs,  as  follows: 


//,       pr,  bl, 

...L-   ~\^^    C...  5./..C  .....  3.    J  1   J  J.. 

fl,     fr,        vl,     vr,       thl,    thr,      dhl,  dhr,      shl,    shr,     zhl,    zhr, 
—  the  shr  and  thr  forms  being  turued  over  endwise  to  give  the  forms 
for  shl  and  thl. 

SPECIAL  VOWELIZATION. 

6.     The  initial  hooks  are  intended  for  the  expression  of  /  and  r 
preceded  by  a  stem  consonant  without  a  vowel  between  the  stem  and 


OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  57 


hook  consonants,  as  in  play,  pry,  etc.,  and  for  the  expression  of  such 
syllables  as  pie,  ble,  fle,  per,  her,  ter,  etc.,  in  couple,  bible,  trifle,  reaper, 
fiber,  cater,  etc.;  but  there  are  many  words  of  long,  awkward  form, 
such  as  collect,  correct,  fulcrum,  telegram,  etc.,  that  are  shortened  in 
outline  and  rendered  even  more  legible  by  using  these  hook  signs; 
and  for  this  class  of  words  special  rules,  for  showing  that  the  vowel 
is  to  be  read  between  the  hook  and  the  stem,  are  given. 

7.  When  the  vowel  heard  belongs  to  the  dash  class,  represent  it 
by  the  dash  sign  struck  through  the  stem  at  right  angles  —  made  heavy 
for  long  vowels  and  light  for  short  ones  —  and  written  in  first,  second, 
or  third  place,  the  same  as  in  ordinary  vowelization.     Illustration: 

_  .  ^-  c»_  A  Kc—  ^~N 

~Vfc"- 

fall,  cold,  full,  fulcrum. 

8.  As  the  shape  of  the  dots  will  not  admit  of  their  being  written 
through  the  stem  and  be  distinguished,  like  the  dashes,  the  vowels  of 
the  dot  class  are  represented  by  small  circles,  written,  for  long  vowels, 
before  upright  and  inclined  stems,  and  above  horizontal  ones;  written, 
for  short  vowels,  after  upright  and  inclined  stems,  and  below  hori- 
zontal ones,  observing,  as  usual,  the  three  vowel  places.    Illustration: 


feel,        fail,         carpels,        fill,        fell,         Paroxysm. 

9.  When  the  vowels  heard  in  err  and  air  are  to  be  read  between 
the  hook  and  stem,  indicate  it  by  making  the  parallel  dash  signs  into 
ellipses,  thus: 


birth,  careless, 

TO.  The  difthong  signs  are  either  struck  through  the  stem,  or  else 
written  at  the  beginning  Or  at  the  end  of  stems,  to  denote  that  they 
are  to  be  read  between  an  initial  hook  and  stem,  thus: 


cure,  casual. 


68 


SCOTT-BROWNE'S    TEXT-BOOK 


ii.— READING  EXERCISE. 


.V\.  .tr\  :L  .. 

>  A, 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  59 


12.— WRITING   EXERCISE. 

Apple,  able,  ciue,  eclat,  please,  pleases,  pleased,  play,  played, 
plow,  blow,  blaze,  blazed,  idle,  idles,  clay,  close,  glaze,  glass,  fly, 
flow,  fleece,  flees,  flies,  flows,  fleeced,  oval. 

People,  peopled,  pickled,  buckled,  tickled,  cockled,  giggled, 
fickle,  cobble,  gable,  table,  stable,  stubble,  scuffle,  faithful,  truthful, 
mouthful,  treacle,  draggle,  prattle,  brittle,  scuttle,  fiddle,  victuals, 
thickly,  flatter,  blacker,  flavor,  pressure,  special,  initial,  nuptial, 
impartial,  impartiality,  social,  prudential,  especial,  ambrosial, 
casual,  visual,  official,  officially,  bleach,  oblige,  club,  cloth,  clothes, 
clash,  claim,  gloom,  youthful,  vocal,  unable,  muddle,  employ, 
simple,  sample,  example,  dissemble,  resemble,  tumble,  rumble, 
devil,  level,  lawful,  ankle,  uncle,  angle,  ethical,  plaster,  blister, 
bluster,  cluster,  cloister. 

Pray,  pry,  brow,  tree,  trio,  eater,  try,  utter,  tray,  draws,  odor, 
cry,  crew,  acre,  agree,  free,  fray,  off er.offered  affray,  threw,  throw, 
author,  usher,  azure. 

Price,  prize,  prizes,  prized,  breeze,  braced,  trace,  trust,  trusted, 
crust,  crazed,  grist,  grazed,  grazes,  grasses,  thrice,  thrust,  precise, 
process,  blazes,  crisis,  crises. 

Prop,  problem,  prime,  probe,  approach,  preach,  pretty,  bribe, 
brick,  brag,  brush,  bravo,  broom,  broil,  brier,  briny,  bridge, 
breeches,  breath,  breathe,  break,  bring,  trip,  tribe,  trick,  track,  truth, 
trim,  trash,  drug,  dream,  droll,  drear,  dreary,  drouth,  dressy,  creep, 
crape,  group,  grim,  grab,  growl,  grog,  frog,  freak,  frail,  thrill, 
throng. 

Paper,  pauper,  taper,  dipper,  cheaper,  jobber,  keeper,  caper, 
copper,  gutter,  figure,  vigor,  vapor,  vicar,  entry,  sentry,  pitcher, 
major,  lodger,  ledger,  archer,  richer,  Rogers,  degree,  decreed, 
degrade,  sugar  (Ska),  shiver  (S/ta),  measure,  leisure,  erasure,  fisher, 
treazure,  treasury,  pleasure. 

VOWELS    HEARD   BETWEEN   HOOK   AND   STEM. 

Germ,  firm,  Germany,  person,   charm,  form,   George,   courage, 
fulsome,   procure,  cheerful. 


(50  SCOTT-BROWNR'S    TEXT-BOOK 

L  AND  R  HOOK   ON  UNMATED  STEMS. 
13.     The   initial   hook  for  /  on  Em,  Un,   Ra,   and  Hah  is  made 
large.     Illustration: 


ml,  nl,  rl,  hi. 

14.  The  hook  for  r  on  Em,  Un,  Hah  is  made  small,  and  the  stem 
shaded,  to  distinguish  the  mr,  nr,  and  hr  combination  signs  from  wm, 
wn,  and  Hah,     Illustration: 

................  _  ..........  .tr^  .......  ..V  .........  <?•*"..  ..........  .................. 

mr,  nr,  hr. 

15.  A  large  initial  hook  on  La  expresses  the  other  liquid  conso- 
nant, r.     Let  it  be  noticed  of  the  two  liquids  that  La  takes  a  large 
hook  for  r  and  that  Ra  takes  a  large  hook  for  /.     Illustration: 


lr,  rl. 

16.  The  initial  hooks  for  /  and  r  are  never  used  on  Es,  Ze,  Er, 
Ing,  or  Wa.  Ing,  when  hooked  initially,  being  required  to  express 
nr;  and  Es,  Ze,  Er,  Wa,  when  hooked  initially,  being  required  to 
express  Thr,  Dhr,  Per,  Ver.  Ydl—Ya  with  initial  hook  —  is  not 
used  for  anything,  as  it  is  an  inconvenient  form  to  join;  besides,  it  is 
quicker  and  better  to  express  yl  by  the  brief  Ya  sign  and  /  stem. 


17.— READING   EXERCISE. 

^^          ^-c^ \>. .. 

camel,  animal,  canal,    kernel  and  colonel,    spiral,    exhale,  help,    color 

s^.. k r^_^    ^   ^   k:..  (A 

rumor,     tremor,      moral,     minor,      north,      cohere,     adhere,     inherit. 


1 8.— WRITING   EXERCISE 

Enamel,  canaille,  kernel,  colonel,  enameled,  spirals,  relapse, 
relapsed,  relax,  relaxes,  relaxed,  spinal,  spaniel,  channel,  panel, 
canal,  final,  flannel,  penal,  vernal,  finally,  coral,  choral,  floral,  rural, 
barrel,  peril,  Tyrol,  thoroughly,  help,  helper,  helpless,  health. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


Cl 


healthy,  healthier,   healthiest,   healthful,  heliotrope,  halcyon,  helm, 
helmet,    inhale,    unwholesome,    exhale,    unhealthy,    co'.or,    collar, 
scholar,  secular,   Fowler,  valor,  raillery,  stickler. 

19.—  L  AND  R  HOOK   ABBREVIATIONS.—  No.  8. 

R   HOOK,    STRAIGHT    STEMS. 

JN  .appear 

_S  —  'prmcip;>I-ly,  principle 

1     true 

1 

doctor 

_n  ..larger 
c—r  care,  occur 

-^.practise 

1   dear 

cure,  accrue. 

..X  re-member 
-?v...numbcr 
.  .L  utiei,  truth 

L 

1    during 

9 

..'....  cheer 
7    chair 

HOOK,    STRAIGHT   STEM 

correct-ed 
c  —  —  aggregate-ed 
agree 

3. 

..%.   able   ably 

r 

_.!....deal 
1     deliver-ed 
/....children 

call 
c  —  clerk 
collect-ed 

1    till,  tell 

_.  P.  ..at  all 

1 

9.   HOOK,    CURVED   STEMS 

either 
..JL  there,  their 
...•)    other 
..«^.sure,  assure 
o_share 

humor 

^  from 
^  over 

near,   nor,   honor 

hire 
c      hear,  here,  her 

°N 
....  i.  .  cvcrv   vcrv 

..  .'....  author,  three 

Mr.,  mere 

'--  •-•  remark 

*\    through 

«TVmore 

i^"^*  manner 

SCOTT-RROWN&S  TRXT-BOOK 


L  HOOK,    CURVED  STEMS. 

^T..  feel,  fill,  fall 

million 

..._.  heal,  hall 

_L_.  fail-  feH 

^O*  promulgate-d 

.<?..  hole,  hale,  hell 

-.$-._.  full 
.  Sr.  evil 

S,CN.  female 
real-ly 

...XT.  howl,  whole 
^~&^  enroll 

V_    avail 

..<iS.  roll 

s  ruler 

.r.....  value 

"C/*-  rule 

.  £x    .h    oughly 

20.—  DISTINGUISHING  OUTLINES  AND   CONTRACTIONS. 


propose,  prepare,  purport,  appropriate,  predict,  product,  purchase. 
perhaps, 


protect,     dark,     church,      credit,      courage,    accuracy,       girl. 


declare,  calculate,     report,      reporter    record,     regard,  important, 

required,  importance. 


import-ed,  impart-ed,  insurance,  current,  crowned,    grant,    grand, 

ground. 


OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


63 


LESSON     XVII. 


THE  INITIAL  CIRCLE  ON  L  AND  R  HOOK  SIGNS. 

1.  To  prefix  s  on  r  hook  signs,  the  hook  is  made  into  a  circle. 

2.  To  prefix  s  on  /  hook  signs,  the  circle  is  made  within  the 
look.        Illustration: 

N V N  ...      X    f\ ^\ 

pray,      spray,      pry,      spry,     upper,      supper,       crawl,       scrawl. 


* .> y 

splat,      plash,     splash, 


bloom,      sublime, 


play,      display. 

1t  ......  ],....! 


A  •-.<  4 


3.  The  circle  on  Ka,  before  an  /  hook  on  Pe  and  Be,  is  elon- 
gated or  flattened,  like  a  loop,  and  the  pen  is  carried  entirely  over 
{he  stan  before  it  turns  to  form  the  hook;  thus  enabling  the  writer 
to  get  that  part  of  the  hook,  where  it  joins  the  stem  on  which  it 
Delongs,  quite  distinct.*  Illustration: 


excusable,  explored. 

4.  In  writing  such  words  as  disagree,  descry,  prescribe,  etc.,  the  cir- 
cle is  written  on  the  right  side  of  the  first  stem,  and  the  second  stem, 
which  is  fCci  or  Ga,  is  written  directly  out  from  the  top  of  the  circle. 
This  brings  the  circle  on  the  r  hook  side  of  Ka  and  Ga.  Illustration: 


prescribe. 


•  Some  writers  make  the  turn  of  the  pen  directly  on  the  A"<i  stem,  instead  of  alto 
ihe  crossing  ever.    That  way  which  is  easiest  aaid  most  legible  to  the  writer  it  the  t-est- 


64  SCOTT-BROWNE'S   TEXT-BOOK 

5.     Many  writers  omit  the  r  representation  in  the  words  describe, 
prescribe,  etc.,  and  express  them  thus: 


6.  In  writing  the  circle  on  the  r  hook  side,  between  stems  run- 
ning in  the  same  direction,  it  is  not  necessary  to  show  the  hook,  as 
the  left  and  under  side  of  straight  stems  is  known  to  be  the  r  hook 
side,  while  the  right  and  upper  side  of  straight  stems  is  known  to  be 
the  circle  side.  Illustration: 


ksk,  k-skr, 


........  \  \    ....I 

J         

\       \          r 

1 

psp,       p-spr,                tst, 

t-str, 

-\  \  t  J-    ..    I 

'  -£L 

precept,    prosper,  dusty,  destroy,  distressed,  task,  excrescence,  excursive. 

7.  Per  preceded  by  Dis  is  written  thus;    <k       as  in  the  words 
disappear,  disparage,  dayspring,  etc. 

8.  In  such  words  as  tasteful,  boastful,  trustful,  etc.,  where  the 
/  hook  sign  cannot  be  made  following  the  st  loop,  the  pen  crosses  the 
stem,  thus  reducing  the  loop  to  simple  s  and  enabling  the  writer  to 
form  a  perfect  hook  on  the  Ef  stem.     This  contracts  the  words  to 
tas'ful,  boas'ful,  trus'ful,  etc.     Illustration: 

-  .....  t-  ............  t.  ....................  t--  ...........  %  .............. 

tasteful,  boastful,  trustful,  breastplate. 


9.— WRITING   EXERCISE. 
Spray,   supper,   sober,  suitor,   strew,    cider,    suppress,   cypress, 

soberly,  screw,  scarcely  =  a — $  secrecy,  sacred,  supply,  sable. 
satchel,  sickle,  cycle,  possible,  disciple,  display,  displayed,  accusable^ 
physical,  peaceful,  passively,  plausible,  classical,  classically,  crucible, 
explore,  taxable,  graceful— C~C_  (the  hook  of  the  Ef  in  graceful  is 
implied  by  the  circle  at  the  end  of  the  Ga  stem  being  elongated  like  a 
loop.  If  there  was  no/  hook  to  express,  the  circle  would  be  kept 
round,  thus:  c~"^_),  disgraceful,  prosperous,  prosperously,  distresses. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


65 


disaster,  disasters,  disastrous,  cheese-press,  Caspar,  excreable, 
excursive,  describe,  disagreeable,  disagreeably,  disappear,  disparage, 
dayspring,  pastry,  pasture  (Pes-Cher),  extreme,  gastric,  mixture 
(Em-Kas-Cher),  fixture  (Ef-Kds-Cher),  dishonor=.l->i  ,  designer, 
strainer,  streamer. 

Straggle,  struggle,  strapper,  supreme,  soprano,  sobriety,  strata, 
stream,  streamed,  streamlet,  strength,  strange,  stronger,  strangest, 
strut,  street,  strait,  straight,  straighter,  sprite,  sprout,  sprayed,  des- 
perate, desperately,  desperado,  whisper,  whispered,  distrain,  dis- 
trained, distract,  distracted,  distrust,  distrusted,  trustful,  distrustful, 
mistrust,  mistrustful,  I  pxpressly,  describe,  descried,  prescribe,  pro- 
scribe, subscribed,  ascribed,  abstract,  extract,  extracted,  excusable, 
crucible,  taxable,  explore,  explored,  explode,  exploded,  display,  dis- 
played, displays,  frustrate,  frustrated,  hemisphere  (hemisfere),  gossi- 
mer,  moral,  morally,  curse,  discourse,  discoursed, 


atmosphere    immoral,     mortal,     immortal,     course,     persuade. 


*  surprise 

....P..  surprises 

<\ 

....:?..  surprised 

°S, 

spirit 

..?N..separate 


io.— ABBREVIATIONS. 

CIRCLE    ON   L  AND   R  HOOK    SIGNS. — No.    Q. 

..A. .supply 


^..separated 
«nrr.  scare 
.secure 


^    supplied 
skill 

scale 

...  school 


66  SCOTT-BROWNE  S   TEXT-ROOK 

LESSON     XVIII. 


BACK  HOOK  FOR  IN.  EN,   UN. 

I.  The  syllables  in,  en  or  un,  preceding  the  s  circle  on  r  hoolc 
signs,  are  expressed  by  a  small  back  hook,  made  so  as  to  bring  the 
circle  on  the  r  hook  side  of  the  stem.  Illustration: 


inspire,         inspired,         instruct,         insecure,         unscrupulous. 
2.     This  hook  is  also  used  on  sla,  ser,  sem.     Illustration: 


\nslave,         unceremonious,         unseemly. 

3.— WRITING   EXERCISE. 

Inseparable,  inseparably,  insuperable,  unsuppressed,  instructor. 
\mstrung,  inscribe,  insecurity,  insoluble,  unsolvable,  unsalable, 
unsullied,  insular,  insult,  insulted,  unsolicited,  unceremoniously, 
unseemly,  ensample,  ensemble  (ongsombl). 

4.— READING   EXERCISE.— SENTENCES. 


v 
<r^>. 


,  ..  N  | J 

iCS  O          ^-^          O  -^      X  \v  b       _/^  / 

N  -J  V> 

S         f         "&•      v  /^        / 

r...-\ ^rv.    \..f !„  j     c;^:. 

dv... 5-..s_.ir.._.:^..i.. 

L    y  ?    i    °       ,- 

* — •'• •«*•»•  .1  -e^-" '— j-^- 


.  /  j»V 

- 1 x ~  N - ^  - 

V 


OP  PHONOGRAPHY.  6? 


LESSON       XIX. 

W  TICK. 

A     The  sound  of  iv  following  a  stem  consonant  is  expressed  by 
a  vertical  or  horizontal  tick  joined  initially  to  the  stem.    Illustration: 


L. 


twice,     dun  II,         quick,  quagmire,     thwack,    Schwab. 

2.  Words  with  an  initial  s  and   medial  w  sound  must  be  writ- 
ten  with  the  disjoined  We  or  Wuin  its  vowel  position,  thus: 

__  .......  ____  _£:  ___  &f  _  nf  ____  s  ___ 

squaw,  squeeze,  squizzle, 

3.  Words    with   r  immediately   following   a   w  sound  should 
always  be  written  with  the  a/-hook  on  the  J?a  stem,  (Wer),  thus: 


queer,         twirl,         squirrel,         squirm,         squared,         esquire. 
4.     A!a>/  words  must  be  written  with  IVel,  thus: 


.quelled,  squall,  squeal,  quail. 

5.     The  IV  it  til  a   is  useful   in  writing  such  Spanish  names  as 


Puebla,  Buena  Vista,  etc.     Illustration: 


wl. 


Puebla,  Buena,  Guardafui,  Gitaxaca. 

(,PwablaK),         (Bwdnah),  (Gwardafwee),       (Gwahaka). 


6.— WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Words  to  be  w  it  en  with  the  wmtiek:  Twist,  twists,  twisted, 
unt.wist.  untwists,  untwisted,  tweezers,  twitter,  twinkle,  twilight, 
twill,  twilled,  dwell,  dwelt,  Dwight,  Dwinnell,  equip,  equipoise, 
quibble,  quiet,  quota,  quest,  bequest,  bequeath,  quad,  quick,  quicker, 
quickest,  quickly,  quake,  quaker,  quack,  quicksilver,  quicksand, 
quagmire,  quaff,  quaffed,  quoth,  quiesce,  acquiesce,  quasi,  quassii, 


68  SCOTT-BROWNE'S  TEXT-BOOK 

qualm,  qualmish,  equator,  guano,  thwack,  thwacked,  Thwing 
Schwarb,  Schwartz. 

Words  in  which  disjoined  We  or  Wu  must  be  used :  Squaw, 
squabble,  squatter,  squeeze., 

Words  in  which  Wfr  must  be  used.  Twirl,  dwarf,  dwarfed 
dwarfish,  querl,  quarrel,  quirk,  queer,  choir,  quire,  quart,  squirt 
squirted,  square,  squared,  squirm,  esquire,  query,  quarry,  quarried, 
quart,  quartette. 

Words  in  which  Wll  must  be  used:  Quill,  quell,  quail,  squall 
sequel,  squills,  squeal. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


LESSON      XX. 


SMALL  TERMINAL  HOOKS  FOR  N,  F,  AND   V. 

N  HOOK. 

1.  The  sound  of  «  at  the  end  of  words  and  syllables,  and  in  the 
njiddle  of  words  where  no  vowel  follows  it,  is  represented  by  a  small 
terminal  hook   made  on  the  left,  and  under  side,  of  straight  stems, 
and  on  the  inside  of  curved  stems.     Illustration: 

^  ....;">,  .....s&  /^...^  .""LX.^... 

fin,    tinge,    June,    canopy,    fine,    loan,    main,    swain,  run,  ken. 

2.  S,  terminating  «-hook  words,  is  expressed  by  making  the 
hook  into  a  circle,  on  straight  stems,  and  by  writing  a  circle  within 
the  hook  of  curves.     Illustration: 

......  X  ......  Jy.  .....  </  .........  b,  ......  x»  ........  .4  .........  ^  ...   <*„.. 

bones,     dines,     chains,     tokens,     runs,     Athens,     nuns,      refines 

3.  The  large  circle  and  the  loops  are  written  on   he  «-hook  side 
to  express  ns-s,  nst,  nstr.     Illustration: 

-^  /O  V  ^ 

_  p  .......  .suf^..:.  .......  I  ........  .So  ...........  »~.. 

a.  .......  c-*? 

expenses,     enhances,     danced,    glanced,      punster,     spins  lei  s. 

F  AND  V  HOOK, 

4.  The  sound  of  f,  or  its  cognate,  v  ,  at  the  end  of  words  and 
syllables,  and  in  the  middle  of  words  where  no  vowel  follows  it,  is 
represesented  by  a  small  terminal  hook  made  on  the  circle  side  of 
straight  stems;  and  the  circle  for  s,  terminating  /and  7/-hook  words, 
is  made  within  the  hook,  to  distinguish   it  from  simple  s  without 
the/  or  v  sounds.     Illustration: 

%- 


*.          .(,'  ......    .......     .. 

\P  -"  v/ 

proof,         approves,         devote,         devise,         division, 

..IN~^~     ...     w  ..........  <-s>     .   .    ~^^      ......  c^ 

deaftn,         strife,          gb~es,         archives,         hoofs» 


ro 


SCOTT-BROWN &S   TEXT-BOOK 


5.     The  hook  for  f  and  v  is  never  written  on  the  curve  stems. 

NOTE  (a).  —  Observe  that  the  s  circle  formed  within  hooks  is 
elongated,  like  a  loop,  and  made  in  the  direction  of  the  stem  to  which 
the  hook  belongs. 

(l>).  —  The  large  circle  and  the  loops  for  ft  and  sir  are  never  written 
on  hooks. 

6:  If  a  vowel  follows  n,  for  v,  those  consonants  must  be  rep. 
resented  by  the  stems,  in  order  to  furnish  a  place  for  the  vowel- 
Illustration: 


brine,     briny,    fun,    funny,     assign,     assignee,     rain,     rainy, 


cough,     coffee,    grieve,    gravy,     heave,     heavy,     rough,     review 


7.— READING    EXERCISE 


«*..  v  ..  J- 


-^  -  <\  CN- 

S^?T^ <Z. P..  .....^. 


OP    PHONOGRAPHY. 


8.— WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Pawn,  pen,  open,  bane,  bone,  tan,  eaten,  oaten,  din,  don,  chain, 
chin,  June,  coin,  keen,  cane,  oaken,  gun,  gown. 

Spun,  spoon,  sabin,  satan,  satin,  stone,  sadden,  scan,  skin, 
sicken,  sustain,  Staten,  stewpan,  weapon,  widen,  wooden,  waken, 
wagon,  worn,  warn,  Warren,  sweeten,  Sweden,  sworn,  queen, 
quince,  quinces,  equinox,  equinoctial,  equestrian. 

Prune,  brown,  brain,  bran,  train,  drown,  drawn,  churn,  adjourn, 
crane,  acorn,  crown,  corn,  green,  grain,  grin,  groan,  twine,  twines, 
twin,  twins,  twain,  entwine,  twinge,  twinges. 

Plain,  plan,  blown,  clean,  clan,  clown,  glean,  glen,  decline, 
recline. 

Fan,  fun,  vine,  thin,  assign,  zone,  shine,  lawn,  urn,  moon,  nun. 

Soften,  seven,  serene,  Simon,  Stephen,  Stamen,  flown. 

Suspense,  strains,  screens,   widens,  stamens,  Stevens,  woman's. 

Puff,  bluff,  pave,  brave,  strive,  dove,  cave,  rove. 

Puffs,  paves,  drives,  chiefs,  Jove's,  caves,  coughs,  cuffs,  graves, 
grieves,  •  rives,  roves,  raves. 

Panic,  pancake,  pinch,  punch,  punish,  pennon,  bandy,  banjo, 
banish,  tonnage,  Channing,  candy,  conic,  coinage,  expunge,  experi- 
ences, expenses,  finish,  furnish,  vanish,  thinness,  heathenish,  linear, 
lonely,  minute,  mlnQte,  mlnQtely,  minuteness,  mental,  mantel, 
miner,  piquancy,  potent,  potency,  demean,  demeanor,  vacancy, 
organic,  envenom,  phenomena,  phenomenon,  plenty,  planet,  pleni- 
tude, plunge,  blanch,  French,  fringe,  plenary,  penurious,  penance, 
finance,  synonym,  seminary,  sponge,  Spanish,  stauuch,  stingj. 
pippin,  bobbin,  obtain,  barn,  Auburn,  Italian,  deepen,  detain,  do- 
main, adorn,  cabin,  roughen,  raven,  region,  regain,  famine,  foreign, 
lemon,  Lyman,  illumine,  remain,  imagine,  machine,  engine,  tribune, 
blacken,  chairman,  African,  Mormon,  Norman,  Herman,  Hellman. 

Preference,  toughen,  deaf  en,  |deaf  ness,  define,  divine,  devote 
devout,  devotee,  devour,  reveal,  rival,  revere,  rover,  river,  revere 
equivalent,  quiver,  quaver,  hover,  beaver,  tougher,  cover,  clever 
clover,  devise,  advise,  division,  devotion,  defence,  advance,  bever 
age,  engraver,  provide,  provided,  provision,  Providence,  providen- 
*al,  -xtravagance,  extravagant. 


72 


\  o\  (  '  ^ 

SCOTT-BROWNE'S    TEXTBOOK 


' 


SHORT   SENTENCES. 

Ten  honest  men  live  in  one  town.  Nine  fair  women  spun  six- 
teen skeins  of  woolen  yarn.  The  moon  shines  upon  the  lawn.  Green 
are  the  banks  of  Bonny  Doon.  When  it  rains,  the  Robins  say, 
"Cheer  up,  cheer  up,  cheer  up!"  Rover  is  a  brave  dog,  you  will 
discover,  and  serves  his  mastsr  faithfully.  The  Bluff  river  divides 
our  farm.  Never  swerve  from  right  behavior.  See  the  rainbow! 
The  poor,  with  industry,  are  happier  than  the  rich,  in  idleness.  Pu< 
down  your  pen  and  join  the  children  in  their  fun. 


9.—  ABBREVIATIONS.—  TV,    F,  AND   V  HOOKS.—  No.  10. 

N    HOOK. 

«       opinion 

\»  then 

....\r=..  begun 

\       upon 

/        than 

—\           began 

_j£       been 

^*7      alone,  loan 

v\    ...  turn,  torn 

J,  ...  done 
1   down 
(/       join 

men 

P 

sudden 

....  J*        at  length 

P 

w  delinquent 

^—a       man 
human 

J       general-ly 

women 

y\    ...  happen 
.  \       punish-ed 
^     explain-ed 

3      can 

gone 

<j~s»       woman 
>  y       known,  none 

—  a      gain,  again 

union 

...  J     ..  question 

i              often,   phonog- 
V»           raphy 

£~*      learn 

i/..  Christian 

<  —  Q 
0    correspond 

^*      even 

\  a__  pecuniary 

^»       thine 

^—  »     begin 

,...-~/.  consequential 

Of    PHONOGRAPHY. 

73 

*-? 

x»-  ..signify-ied-cant 

....  .4.  western 

..  .  (°  ...  .southern 
*\       pertain 

.  —    N  ...prudential 
^"^      prominent 

.      >»       fallen 

J 

--  •  *\       appertain 

N*«-fc     permanent 

HALF-LENGTHS. 

...  point,  appoint 
behind  bind 

..consequent 
°-3  ....  second 

account 
annoint-ed 

J        tend 

.  .<s       superintend 

^        round 

...  .  j        attend 

J 

did  not,  didn't 

....  1-3  acquaint-ed 
—a       gained 

...<y*     ••  .surround 
...  ._^.—  around 

...  .  J     .  .do  not,  don't 

..   ..   find 

....  T.  ...  understand 

...  J       ...  had  not,  hadn't 

>o       found 

....  l/>       turned 

.  .     c/'.  ...  gentlemen 

W-^     foundation 

.     ..  <T....  accident 

.  .    </        gentleman 

/*  ...    land 

.  %-a      subsequent 

kind 

...  .  .       .  mind 

..  .TV?  ...  returned 

«.  can't 

.    minds 

C  learnt 

_.~??-'    canooi 

meant,   mend. 
/"*  •-•  •    amount 

^S>      impend 

ENS.  KNSES,    ENST. 

J        at  once 
4, 

....  *s.     .  .balanced 

.....•«       againa 

consequence 

*~o      occurrence 

.  -  «  indispens-ible 

—  ^.     .  .balance 

~~D    .Kansas 

—  ^v 

o..  .experience 

...  .  ^L  .  .  .balances 

.....tro  Kains 

....1          .transcript 

SCOTT.BROWNE'S  TEXT-BOOK 


\j      before 

F  AND   V  HOOK. 

Nj-''     provision 

profit,  propl"* 

.  .  \        above 

Cv      )     proficie.it  -ly- 

\       profitable 

"       difficult-y 

'Xj—     perfect 

prophetic 

diflered-ent- 
v             ence 

>i         belief  beliera 

'V—  /      providencc-tia.1- 

gave,  govern- 
.           •>    ...     ment     • 

e\a      proof,  prove 

L-    ...  defect 
U      advocate 

•"•**••   *y 
....%>    ...believed 

extra  vagant-I  y- 

«\       approve 

forgive        •  1 

'""A 

\i   .improve-d-ment 

^X.      provide 

...lK_P  defence 
....j      advance 

...rX-»...  forgave 
/V_half 

EXPRESSION    OF    NUMBERS. 

I. — Numbers  are  expressed  by  the  usual  Arabic  figures;  bu; 
in  writing  single  figures,  1  and  6,  on  account  of  their  resem- 
blance to  fonografic  characters,  must  be  written  thus:  <^_>  one, 
°— °  six. 

2, — In  expressing  but  one  denomination  of  numbers,  such  as 
millions,  thousands,  or  hundreds,  the  fonografic  signs  are  used  thus: 
16  CT>>  16,000,000;  12  (  or  12  (^  12,000;  9  ^ 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


LESSON       XXI. 


SHUN  AND   ESHUN  HOOKS. 

SHUN   HOOK. 

i.  The  syllable  shun  (or  zhun)  following  a  stem  consonant, 
is_.expressed  by  a  large  final  hook  made  on  either  side  of  straight 
stems,  and  on  the  concave  side  of  curve  stems.  Illustration: 


-f  ......  \  ......  4P  ..........  -•*  ..... 

potion,    passion,    inception,    addition,   perdition,    occasion,    sections, 


dissection,      rations,       adhesion,      fashions,      visionary,      motions, 


nations,     dissention,     oration,      volition,     persuasion,      reservation. 

2.  In  writing  the  words  unction,  sanction,  distinction,  etc.,  the 
stem  for  the  Ka  sound  can  be  omitted,  without  impairing  legibility. 
Illustration: 


unction,         sanctions,        distinction. 

3.     The  syllable  ist,  following  Shun  and  Eshun,  is  expressed  by 
half-length  Es  (Est)  on  the  hooks.     Illustration: 


tlocutionist,        factionist,         anncxatiomst, 

ESHUN    HOOK. 

4.  The  syllable  shun  following  s  represented  by  a  circle,  and 
a  vowel,  is  expressed  by  a  small  hook  on  the  back  of  the  circle. 
Illustration: 


x      JL  .  ^  ......  _...^  .............  >  ..... 

position,     decision,  accession,      physician,     cessation,       pulsation, 


76  SCOTT-BROWNE 'S   TEXT-BOOK 


incision,     musician,     accusation,       propositions,    juxtaposition, 

n 


vexation,  pronunciation,  transition. 

5.  Words  containing  this  small  hook  are  legible  without  writing 
the  vowel  thar.  i?  heard  be'or-  h»  hoolc;  out  if  it  is  desired  to  express 
this  vowel  any  time,  write  it  on  the  left  side  ot  .he  hook  for  first  place 
vowels  and  on  the  right  for  second  place  vowels.  Illustration: 


precision,        processions,         sensational. 


6.— WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Potion,  passion,  passions,  editions,  addition,  sedition,  section, 
suction,  deception,  attraction,  attractions,  detraction,  inception,  sub- 
traction, perception,  reception,  inspection,  exception,  refraction, 
infraction,  reduction,  subtraction,  perdition,  approbation,  attrition, 
adoration,  ration,  rations,  oration,  orations,  derision,  actions,  cau- 
tion, occasion,  fashion,  fashions,  vision,  visions,  visionary,  caution- 
ary, missionary,  nation,  nations,  national,  diction,  dictionary,  mis- 
sion, missions,  notions,  notional,  lotion,  allusion,  solution,  adhesion, 
cohesion,  dilation,  adoration,  admonition,  attention,  dissension,  dis- 
tention,  distraction,  restriction,  probation,  approbation,  volition, 
violation,  affiliation,  pretension,  isolation,  recreation,  tradition, 
aggregation,  peroration,  navigation,  apparition,  repetition,  reputa- 
tion, selection,  election,  elocution,  elocutionist,  elocutionists,  fac- 
tionist,  factionists,  affectionate,  affectionately,  observation. 

Opposition,  position,  possessions,  decision,  causation,  accession, 
accusation,  aquisition,  physician,  physicians,  incision,  musician, 
musicians,  sensations,  proposition,  prepositions,  supposition,  cesssa- 
tion,  secession,  annexation,  annexationist,  pulsations,  vowelization, 
civilization,  taxation. 


OF  PHONO  GRAPHY. 


OF  PHONO  GRAPHY.  77. 

7.— ABBREVIATIONS.— SHUN  AND  ESHUN  HOOKS.— No.  n. 

SHUN   HOOKS. 

C| 


v        .  passion 

, .\i      objection 

_.  NX      -    objectionable 

.o  ...  subjection 

_ ^  .  exhibiton 

U tuition 

U station 

U instruction 

\_ 

— ^  _^? opposition 

_\>.....  position 

__  \     possession 

f 

„ ......... ..decision 


=) 

U      ..  consideration 


7 

....f/       exaggeration 

.  —3  —occasion 
=— ?      creation 

U3     direction 

— correction 

.'- collection 

— err? aggression 

ESHUN   HOOK. 

1 — a 
acquisition 

-.Jfc  --..procession. 
--   proposition 


-- -V_X      fashionable-bly 
....O    ...session 

^  0 
....Ls  ...  .association 

missionary 

...V5 ....  national 

f 
/  -  situation 

\ 
....     V....  dissuasion 


_____  ^  .  .  ps 


rsuasion 


CT convers;xtion^l 

o>  ..  .conversationist 
j 

.O^ compensation 


>e 

J  f  r* 

Of  .  ...  -generaliz.ntion     I     ,...V     .Civilization 

' realisation 


.accession        j  .     ...... ..organization 


J 


SCOTT-BROWNE'S    TEXT-  BO  OK 


SHADING  AND   LENGTHENING. 

LE  SSON     XXII. 


SHADING  EM. 

I.    Em  is  shaded  to  express  a  following/  or  b,  and  is  then  called 
Emp  or  Emb.     Illustration: 


/*/,     stump,     hemp,     lamp,     glimpse,    wampum,    limbo,    embargo. 

LENGTHENING  EMP. 
2.     Emp  is  lengthened  to  add  a  following  r.     Illustration: 

I     .  .  /  u,  —  ^ 

empire,       temper,       simper,       ember,       chamber,        somber. 


3.—  WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Pomp,  pumps,  bump,  damp,  dumps,  stamp,  stump,  stampede, 
jumps,  camp,  gump,  vamp,  thump,  lamp,  lump,  limp,  romp,  rump, 
mumps,  swamp,  samp,  slump,  hump,  hemp,  primp,  plump,  tramp, 
crump,  cramp,  glimpse,  wampum,  limbo,  Jumbo,  humbug,  Sambo. 

Pumper,  Plumper,  temper,  temporal,  distemper,  damper,  jumper, 
Kemper,  vampire,  romper,  hamper,  scamper,  ember,  umber,  amber, 
somber,  limber,  lumber,  chamber,  slumber,  December,  November, 
September,  dismember,  timber,  cumber,  encumber,  Cumberland, 
Chamberlain. 

LENGTHENING  ING. 

4.  Ing  is  lengthened  to  express  a  following  kr  (Iter)  or  gr  (Ger). 
Illustration: 

anchor  or  anger,          sinker,          winker,          tinker, 

o 


thinker  finger,  Hnge*,  ftronger. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


LENGTHENING   THE   OTHER   CURVES. 
5.     Al1   the  other  curved  stems  are  lengthened  to  express  a  fol- 
lowing tr,  dr,  thr,  dhr.     Illustration: 


enter,         render,         smaller,         mother,    philanthropy,      father. 

6.     Of  the  straight  stems,  only  Ra  and  Hah  are  lengthened  to 
express  the  following  words: 


•writer,         rather,         hither. 


7.— WRITING   EXERCISE. 

Anchor,  sinker,  Bunker,  tinker,  canker,  rancor,  ranker,  thinker, 
spanker,  winkers,  hanker,  handkerchief. 

Anger,  finger,  linger,  languor,  stronger,  monger,  mongrel, 
hunger,  Hungerford. 

Father,  fatherless,  fatherly,  mother,  motherly,  motherless, 
thither,  nitre,  neuter,  center,  central,  Easter,  eastern,  easterly, 
Esther,  oyster,  Astor,  Astral,  astronomy,  astronomical,  astronomer, 
latter,  later,  literature  (La-ter-Cher},  literary,  latterly,  literally,  col- 
lateral, winter,  wintered,  wander,  eccentric,  eccentricity,  render, 
hinder,  cinder,  sunder,  %vither,  withers,  withered  flounder. 

philantrophy,  philanthropist,  philanthropical. 

Enterprise,  interrupt,  interruption,  entertain,  interest,  interested, 
introduce,  introduction,  interpret,  interpretation,  interpose,  inter- 
twine, interdict,  uninterrupted. 


8.— ABBREVIATIONS.— DOUBLE  LENGTHS. --No  12. 


( 
I 


father 
thither 

)     .   Easter 
/                 letter 

thitherward 

./_...              literary 

80 


SCOTT-BROWNE1  S    TEXT-BOOK 


x"              latter 

„  *TT7....  .          writer 

^\                 water 

~.~~""x        ^^  —  rather 

.  "^"\      whithersoever 

Y' 

_  ...  neither,  entire 

I              entirely 

interest 

^L.  —  hither 

^•^—  -^         senator 

c~\     farther,  further 

northern 

\ 
—  "^^x              farther  than 

0 

OF  PHONO  GRAPHY. 


PREFIXES    AND    AFFIXES, 

LESSON     XXIII. 


PREFIXES. 

I.  —  The  prefixes,  con,  com,  cum,  cog;  contra,  contro,  counter; 
fore;  magna,  magne,  magni;  circum,  self;  etc.,  are  represented  by 
brief  Arbitrary  signs  written  either  before  or  above  the  remainder 
of  the  word. 

CON,    COM,    CUM,    COG. 
a.—  The  sign  for  con,  com,  cum  and  cog  is  a  dot.     Illustration: 


contain,     comprise,     cumbersome,     cognitiv. 

CONTRA,  CONTRO,  ETC. 

3.  —  The  sign  for  contra,  contro  and  counter  is  a  tick.     Illustration: 

.[=_  .............  "^  .................  ^  ..... 

contradiction,          controversy,       ^countermand. 
FORE. 

4.  —  The  sign  for  fore  is  Ef.     Illustration: 


forestall,  forefathers. 

MAGNA,  ETC. 

5.  —  The  sign  for  maga,  magne  and  magni  is  Em.     Illustration: 

'^-sTb.  .....  ___  .......  _J__  .....  _  ........  Vly  .. 

magnanimous,  magnetic,  magnify. 

CIRCUM  AND  SELF. 

6.  —  The  sign,  for  circum  and  self  is  a  small  circle,  written  \nfirst 
position  before  or  above  the  remainder  of  the  word,  for  circum,  and 
in  second  position  before  or  above  the  remainder  of  the  word  for  self. 
Illustration: 

&-x  ° 

.............  A  .........................  s~*-_.  .... 

circumscribe,  self-made, 


83 


SCOTT-BROWNE'S  TEXT-BOOK 


COMPOUND   PREFIXES. 

7.  —  Whenever  any  other  syllable  comes  before  these  prefixes  — 
thus  making  a  compound  prefix  —  the  stem  or  sign  for  the  syllable  is 
written  in  the  prefix's  place,  and  the  prefix  is  not  written,  but  implied, 
or,  understood  to  be  expressed,  together  with  the  syllable  standing  in 
its  place;  or,  in  other  words,  if  a  stem  or  circle  is  written  over  another 
stem  in  such  a  way  as  to  occupy  the  place  of  a  prefix  sign,  it  must 
be  read  together  with  the  prefix  —  the  syllable  that  the  sign  stands 
for  being  read  first  and  the  prefix  last.  Illustration: 


V 

H 


conceivable,  inconceivable, 


. 

1 


construe, 


1 


misconstrue- 


compromised,         uncompromised,         committal,  non-committal, 

_.  '^  ..................  X?  _________  .....  t  .........  .  .........  f  .............. 

cognition,  recognition,  conceit,  self-conceit. 

X  .............  _K  ...................  '*  ....................  UN  .......... 

composed,  decomposed,  comfort,  discomfort, 

.....    L,    .........  _..±1  ..............        IcN     .......  —    "^N_  .......... 

contradicted,         uncontradic**!,          controvert,         uncontroverted, 

.x  ...............  rL._  ...... 

reconcilable,       irreconcilable,  •         magnetized,          unmaguetizeJ 
09  ^_P9  o  1  ^--9  ] 

circumspect,       uncircumspeet.  selfish,  unselfish, 

$>»  ...........  M!^.  .............  .~b  ................  ^1-  ....... 

foreseen,  unforeseen,         accommodation,  incognito, 

^_j> 

.......  Lu,   ................  ;_^  .................  J3  ........................ 

non-conducter,          uncommon,  concomitant. 


OP    PHONOGRAPHY. 


33 


8. — Some  words,  having  the  prefix  diseon,  are  not  conveniently 
written  according  to  the  usual  rules' for  writing  compound  prefix 
words,  in  which  case,  the  remainder  of  the  word  is  written  near  the 
prefix  sign,  and,  in  some  cases,  the  prefix  is  expressed  in  full,  about 
as  quickly  as  to  use  a  disconnected  sign.  Illustration: 


-    discontinue,  discontent,  disconnect. 

g. — The  syllable  kong,  in  Congress,  conquer,  etc.,  is  expressed  by 
the  con  dot,  thus: 

Congress,  conquer. 

10. — Con,  com  or  cog  can  be  expressed  by  writing  the  remainder 
of  the  word  close  to  a  preceding  word,  thus: 

in  connection,         in  consideration,         common  consent. 

LV  "" " 

must  contrive,         to  be  concluded,  will  convince. 

ii.— READING  EXERCISE. 

•  '!• 

•s 9 

common,  commence,  committee. 

_L| -.1 .- 1i 

continued,         constituent,  contrition. 


' 


84 SCOTT-BROWNES   TEXT-BOOK 

12— WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Compute,  computed,  computation,  compose,  composes,  com- 
posed, composition,  compositor,  compost,  compound,  compounded, 
compassion,  comprise,  comprised,  compressed,  comply,  complied, 
complex,  complexion,  complication,  complicate,  combine,  contain, 
contains,  contusion,  constrain,  construction,  contrite,  contrition, 
contribute,  contribution,  consistently,  constantly,  continue,  con- 
tinued, constrained,  condemn,  condemnation,  conjure,  concur,  con- 
course, concrete,  conclude,  conclusion,  conclave,  conglomerate,  con- 
glomeration, confide,  confidence,  configuration,  conflagration,  con- 
vex, convivial,  convenience,  convenient,  convey,  conveyance,  con- 
vert, convertible,  conceive,  conception,  completion,  compilation, 
compensation,  condense,  condensation,  contrive,  contrives,  con- 
trary, conduct,  construct,  contract,  control,  controllable,  contrasted, 
console,  consolation,  consolidate,  consolidation,  conservatory,  con- 
servation, conservatism,  concern,  common,  commune,  commence, 
commenced,  conquer,  conquerable,  congress,  congressional,  cog- 
nate, cognation,  cognition,  cognomen,  cognominal,  cognominate. 

Accomplish,  accomplishments,  accommodated. 

Inconsistent,  inconstant,  inconsolable,  uncontrollable,  uncon- 
vinced, unconquerable,  fnconceivable,  uncommon,  uncommonly, 
recompense,  recommend,  recommendation,  recognize,  recogni 
recognized,  recognition,  recognizable,  misconstruction,  miscompute, 
non-conformity,  non-committal,  non-conductor,  decomposition,  dis- 
comfort, disconcert,  disconcerted,  disconnection. 

Contraband,  contradict,  contradiction,  contradistinction,  contra- 
vene, counterpoise,  counterpoint,  contrapuntal,  counteract,  counter- 
acted, counteraction,  counter-irritant,  counter-irritation,  countermand, 
counter-mine,  counter-balance,  counterpart,  countersign. 

Foreknow,  fore-ordain,  foretell,  fore-told,  foreknowledge, 
forewarn,  foreseen,  foresight,  forerunner,  forecast,  foreshadow, 
fore-foot,  fore-finger,  fore-father,  foresee,  fore-lock,  forebode,  fore- 
close, foreclosure,  forego,  foregone,  foreground,  forehanded. 

Magnanimous,  magnanimity,  magnify,  magnificent,  magnitude, 
magnetism,  magnetic,  magnesia. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


LESSON    XXIV. 


AFFIXES. 

1.  —  Affixes  (also  termed  suffixes)  are  expressed  by  simple  stems 
or  arbitrary  signs,   either  joined  or  disjoined,  and  arc  great  aids  to 
speed  without  impairing  legibility. 

BLE,   ELY. 

2.  —  When  it  is  not  convenient  to  write  Bel  (Be  with  /  hook)  for 
the    final   syllables   ble  and   bly  the   simple   stem  Be  is  employed 
Illustr.-uion: 


projitable-bly,  sensible-bly. 

SELF  AND   SELVES. 

3.  —  When  self  and  selves,  at  the  end  of  words,  cannot  be  ex- 
pressed by  their  full  forms  —  Slay-Ej  and  Slay-  Ves  —  the  small  joined 
circle  is  employed  for  self  and  the  large  one  for  selves.  Illustration: 

.................  C.J  ______  ..................  <0  ............... 

thyself.  themselves, 

SHIP. 

3.  —  Ship,  in  nearly  all  cases,  at  the  end  of  words,  is  expressed 
by  disjoined  Ish.  Illustration: 


friendship,  partnership, 

LY. 

4.  —  When  La,  for  the  syllable  ly,  at  the  end  of  words,  cannot  be 
Joined,  it  is  expressed  by  La  written  over  or  by  the  side  of  the  stem 
next  to  it.  Illustration: 

r 


V- 

"    V 
manfy,  .         positively. 


86  SCOTT.3ROWNES  TEXT-BOOK 

ING. 

5.  —  The  added  syllable,  ing,  at  the  end  of  words,  is  expressed  by 
a  dot  directly  at  the  end  of  the  stem  or  sign.     Illustration: 

........  1  .................  )  ........  _______  ,  ........ 

doing,  toying,  owing. 

INGS. 

6.  —  The  added  syllable  ings  is  expressed  by  either  a  small  circle 
or  an  inclined  tick  written  in  the  ing-dot's  place.     Illustration: 

. 


........    ........ 

doings,  sayings. 

INGLY. 

/.  —  The  added  syllable  ingly,  at  the  end  of  words,  is  expressed 
by  a  disjoined  La  written  across  ing-do  ft  place.     Illustration: 


y   „ 

knowingly,  trustingly. 

ABBREVIATIONS  AS  AFFIXES. 

TO 

8. — The  syllable  to,  at  the  end  of  words,  following  any  other 
stem  than  Un,  is  expressed  by  the  little  vowel  sign  employed  as  the 
abbreviation  of  the  word  to.  Illustration: 


thereto,  hitherto. 

ON. 

9. — On,  at  the  end  of  words,  is  expressed  by  the  n  hook  when 
it  is  not  convenient  to  use  the  regular  sign.     Illustration: 


thereon,  whereon. 


OF     PHONOGRAPHY.  g7 


ro.  —  Of,  at  the  end  of  words,  is  expressed  by  the  /-hook,  on 
straight  stems,  but  after  curves  by  the  little  vowel  sign  employed  as 
the  abbreviation  for  of.  Illustration: 


whereof.  hereof,  thereof, 

IN. 
n.  —  In,  at  the  end  of  words,  is  expressed  by  Un.     Illustration: 


•juherein,  herein,  /herein. 

AFTER  AND   HAND. 

12.  —  After  and  hand,  at  the  end  of  words       expressed  by 
the  abbreviations  for  those  words.     Illustration: 


hereafter,          thereafter,     behindhand,      beforehand. 


-.*'•  v 
<:.i*YuW 

W-^—t^  ;  ^.     -./• 


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